'Mba Research Methodology Mb 0050\r'

' search METHODOLOGY MB 0050 [pic] Name: XXXXX Roll count: XXXX Learning effect: XXXX Subject: MB 0050- conceivek METHODOLOGY Assignment No. : Set 1 Date of submission at learning centre: [pic] ASSIGNMENTS Subject code: MB0050 (4 credits) Marks 60 worst NAME: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Note: apiece Question carries 10 marks Q1)a. Differentiate amidst nominal, no., interval and ratio overcomes, with an example of each. b. What be the shoot fors of standard in aff able-bodied science query? a. Types of scales: autonomic nervous system) on that doom be four types of information that may be gathered in social look into, each atomic number 53 adding more(prenominal) than to the next.\r\n so ordinal info is alike nominal, and so on. nominative The name ‘Nominal comes from the Latin nomen, ungenerouss ‘name and nominal data atomic number 18 items which atomic number 18 severalise by a simple naming system. The single thing a nominal scale does is to reg ulate that items being deliberate work something in common, although this may not be described. Nominal items may withdraw come assigned to them. This may appear ordinal but is not — these atomic number 18 use to alter capture and referencing. Nominal items atomic number 18 usually categorical, in that they belong to a definable category, such as employees. Example The number pinned on a sports person.\r\nA set of countries. Ordinal Items on an ordinal scale atomic number 18 set into some kind of baseball club by their position on the scale. This may debate such as temporal position, superiority, etc. The rescript of items is often setd by assigning numbers to them to show their relative position. Letters or different sequential symbols may likewise be employ as appropriate. Ordinal items are usually categorical, in that they belong to a definable category, such as ‘1956 marathon runners. You evokenot do arithmetic with ordinal numbers — they show sequence l unmatchedsome(prenominal). Example The first, third and twenty percent person in a race.\r\nPay bands in an organization, as denoted by A, B, C and D. time interval separation data (also sometimes called integer) is measured along a scale in which each position is equidistant from iodine an other(a). This allows for the distance amid two pairs to be equivalent in some way. This is often used in psychological experiments that measure attributes along an authoritative scale in the midst of two extremes. Interval data wadnot be multiplied or divided. Example My train of happiness, rated from 1 to 10. Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit. Ratio In a ratio scale, numbers fire be compared as multiples of one another.\r\nThus one person can be twice as tall as another person. Important also, the number zero has meaning. Thus the end mingled with a person of 35 and a person 38 is the same as the difference between nation who are 12 and 15. A person can also need an a ge of zero. Ratio data can be multiplied and divided because not only is the difference between 1 and 2 the same as between 3 and 4, but also that 4 is twice as much as 2. Interval and ratio data measure quantities and hence are quantitative. Because they can be measured on a scale, they are also called scale data. Example\r\nA persons weight The number of pizzas I can run before fainting b. Purpose of measurement in social science. One of the primary purposes of classifying variables according to their train or scale of measurement is to facilitate the choice of a statistical test used to analyze the data. there are certain statistical analyses which are only most-valuable for data which are measured at certain measurement scales. For example, it is ecumenicly inappropriate to regard the mean for Nominal variables. Suppose you had 20 capables, 12 of which were male, and 8 of which were female.\r\nIf you assigned males a value of ‘1 and females a value of ‘2, cou ld you compute the mean sex of subjects in your sample? It is possible to compute a mean value, but how meaningful would that be? How would you interpret a mean sex of 1. 4? When you are examining a Nominal variable such as sex, it is more appropriate to compute a statistic such as a percentage (60% of the sample was male). When a look for wishes to examine the consanguinity or standstill between two variables, there are also guidelines concerning which statistical tests are appropriate.\r\nFor example, lets say a University administrator was fire in the relationship between student gender (a Nominal variable) and major field of larn (another Nominal variable). In this case, the most appropriate measure of linkup between gender and major would be a Chi-Square test. Lets say our University administrator was interested in the relationship between undergrad major and startle wage of students first job after graduation. In this case, honorarium is not a Nominal variable; it i s a ratio level variable.\r\nThe appropriate test of association between undergraduate major and salary would be a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), to see if the mean starting salary is mendd to undergraduate major. Finally, suppose we were interested in the relationship between undergraduate grade point bonny and starting salary. In this case, both grade point average and starting salary are ratio level variables. Now, neither Chi-square nor ANOVA would be appropriate; instead, we would scent at the relationship between these two variables employ the Pearson correlation coefficient.\r\nQ2) a. What are the tooth roots from which one may be able to identify look into enigmas? b. Why pieces muckle is important in research? Ans: Identifying research Problem This involves the identification of a general proposition and formulating it into a particular proposition research bother. It requires native perceptiveness of the problem and rephrasing it in meaningful terms fr om an analytical point of view. Types of Research Projects • those that relate to states of nature those which relate to relationships between variables In understanding the problem, it is encouraging to discuss it with colleagues or experts in the field. It is also necessary to examine conceptual and empirical belles-lettres on the subject. After the books review, the researcher is able to focus on the problem and phrase it in analytical or operational terms. The t demand of formation the research problem is of greatest importance in the entire research process. Being able to define the problem unambiguously helps the researcher in not bad(p) relevant data from irrelevant ones.\r\nExtensive writings review Review of lit is a arrogant process that requires careful and perceptive rendering and attendance to detail. In the review of the literature, the researcher attempts to determine what others fall in learned ab expose similar research problems. It is important in the following ways: • specifically occuring and identifying the research problem and possible hypothesis or research questions i. e. sharpening the focus of the research. • informing the researcher of what has al testifyy been done in the area. This helps to avoid exact duplication. If one had the literature and exercised enough patience and industry in reviewing available literature, it may well be that his problem has already been solved by someone somewhere some time agone and he allowing save himself the trouble. ” Nwana (1982). • Providing insights into possible research proposes and methods of conducting the research and translation the results. • Providing suggestions for possible modifications in the research to avoid unlooked-for difficulties. The library is the most likely physical stead for the research literature.\r\nWithin the library there is gateway to books, periodicals, technical reports and academic theses. Other sources are t he statement Index and the Educational Resources information centre (ERIC). Computer-assisted searchers of literature have become truly common today. They have the advantage of comprehensiveness and speed. They are also very cost-effective in terms of time and sudor although admission price to some of the databases requires payment. Irrespective of the sources of the literature, ethics of research require that the source is ac companionshipd fetch uped a clear system of referencing. . Why Literature survey is important in research? Doing a literature survey before you begin your investigation enables you to target advantage of the unique human capacity to pass on detailed written information from one generation to another. Reading all the recognizeledge thats store so far on the problem you motive to study can be time-consuming and all the same tedious. just careful evaluation of that material helps collect your investigation worthwhile by alerting you to familiarity a lready gained and problems already encountered in your areas of interest.\r\nA literature survey amounts to reading available material on a given topic, analyzing and organizing occurings, and producing a summary. There are umpteen sources for literature reviews, including journals of general interest in each discipline, such as the American governmental Science Review. There are also journals for specific topics such as the Leadership and Organization discipline Journal. Governments publish great quantities of data on many topics. The United Nations and the United States Government Printing means are two major sources.\r\nIn addition, businesses and common soldier organizations gather and publish information you might convalesce useful. For certain problems you may want to search through popular or non-scholarly periodicals as well. While its frequent to include only data from sources that actually research the problem in a precise fashion, articles in more popular sources may provide raise insight or orientations. Talking to knowledgeable large number may also give you information that helps you speculate your problem. Thoroughness is the key. Most libraries have staff trained in information retrieval who can help find sources and suggest strategies to review the iterature. The Internet, of course, now allows easy access to limitless information on given topics. Thoroughness in your review means not only finding all electric current publications on a topic but locating earlier writing as well. Theres no easy rule for how long ago literature was published on your topic. The time varies from problem to problem. A useful way to locate last(prenominal) as well as current writing is to begin with the most current sources likely to put up relevant material. Then, follow these authors footnotes and bibliographies.\r\nAt some point in this search youll find the material is starting line to be only peripherally related to your current interest or that authors claim originality for their work. Of course, doing a goodliterature surveyis easier when you know a great deal about the subject already. In such a case youd probably be familiar with publications and even other people who do research in your area of interest. But for the novice, efficient use of library/Internet service and organizing how they check sources are especially important skills. Having set literature, keeping a checklist of useful information ordain help you read each source.\r\nYou might ask yourself, particularly for research articles: 1. What was the exact problem study? 2. How were the topics of interest defined? 3. What did the authors expect to find? 4. How were things measured? 5. What research did this author cite? Have you read it? 6. Who were the subjects of study? 7. What do the results show? 8. Do the data presented agree with the written conclusions? 9. What were the limitations of the study? A extreme literature survey should demonstrate that youve carefully read and evaluated each article or book.\r\nBecause research reports can be tedious and difficult to understand for upstart researchers, many tend to read others conclusions or summaries and take the authors word that the data actually support the conclusions. on the lookout reading of both tables and text for awhile leave behind convince you they dont always agree. Sometimes data are grossly misinterpreted in the text, but on other occasions authors are more subtle. Consider, for example, the following statements: to the full 30 percent of the sample give tongue to they did not vote. Only 30 percent of the sample said they did not vote.\r\nThe percentage is the same, but the impression conveyed is unimpeachably different. Reading the actual data before evaluate the authors conclusions will help prevent some of these errors of reading material from creeping into your own research. Its important that after you finish your reading, youre able to write your lite rature survey in a way thats clear, organizing what you know about the content and methods used to study your problem. You may find it helpful to record information about each source on a separate card or piece of paper so that information can later be reshuffled, compared, and otherwise reorganized.\r\nNote in most journal articles that what probably began as a long literature survey is usually condensed on the first few pages of the research report, explaining previous research on the problem and how the current study will contribute. You, too, want to add to this growing body of knowledge we call social science by a creative summary of whats been accomplished by others as well as by your own research. Q3) a. What are the characteristics of a good research design? b. What are the components of a research design? Ans) Research inclination †Definition A research design is the disposition of conditions for appeal and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevanc e to the research purpose witheconomy in procedure”Is the conceptual structure indoors which research is conducted; it constitutes theblueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data more explicitly: i. What is the study about? ii. Why is the study being conducted? iii. Where will the study be carried out? iv. What type of data is involve? v. Where can the required data be found? Components of research design http://www. google. co. in/url? a=t=j=components%20of%20research%20design=web=3=0CDIQFjAC=http%3A%2F%2Fposta. marmara. edu. tr%2F~sozmen%2F2003-2004%2Fresearch_methodology%2Fweek_4. doc= KgOgTo-aEofqrAeFkbWNAw=AFQjCNG1ctNqNjUq_ils-O4muicz4Z2eBA=RFuXRcsnlsSIOe9zWHhr5A=rja 4. a. Distinguish between Doubles sampling and multiphase sampling. [ 5 marks] b. What is replicated or interpenetrating sampling? [ 5 marks] http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_double_sampling http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multistage_sampling http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Replication_(s tatistics) https://onlinecourses. science. psu. du/stat506/node/54 5. a. How is substitute data useful to researcher? [ 5 marks] b. What are the criteria used for evaluation of secondary data? [ 5 marks] http://www. steppingstones. ca/artman/publish/article_60. shtml http://www. change. freeuk. com/learning/resmeth/secondary. html 6. What are the differences between comment and interviewing as methods of data collection? Give two specific examples of situations where either observation or interviewing would be more appropriate. [10 marks]. • http://www. differencebetween. com/difference-between-observation-and-vs-interviewing-as-methods-of-data-collection/\r\n'