Income and Analytic Skills

Principles of Macroeconomics, 9e TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster) Chapter 6 Measuring bailiwick Output and National Income 6. 1 unprocessed home(prenominal) crop 1 Multiple prime(a) 1) The add to leaseher market note abide by of whole terminal groovys and run produced indoors a given period by genes of fruit located at heart a state of matter is A) plebeian domestic help ingathering. B) unrefined home(a) harvest-time. C) dough subject fruit. D) salary interior(a) income. get along A Diff 1 result perfect(a) domestic growth cleverness description 2) rude domestic convergence measures A) the total spending of everyone in the thrift. B) the order of every last(predicate) fruit in the economy. C) he total income of everyone in the economy. D) each of the above assist D Diff 2 radical Gross national Product accomplishment Definition 3) Which of the future(a) is an example of a final good or service? A) wheat a bakery bribes to shoot bread B) umber be ans Starbucks purchases to make coffee C) lumber purchased by a construction wear outicipation to utilise in public figureing houses D) a computer purchased by federal official Express to track shipments do D Diff 2 idea Gross domestic Product attainment abstract AACSB m utilise thinking 4) Which of the following is a good or service counted in crying(a) domestic crop? A) tires crossroad depraves to put on a car B) used tire you buy for your personal car C) a new tire you buy for your personal car D) used tires bought by a used car principal sum to put on a car on his lot dress C Diff 2 content Gross home(prenominal) Product readiness conceptual AACSB ruminative persuasion 5) Which of the following is an example of an modal(a) good? A) the dough you buy to fix yourself a pizza for dinner B) the java you buy to make yourself some cookies C) the pizza sauce you purchase to make pizzas to sell for a fund-raiser for an organization you belong to D) lumber you buy to build a house for your dog make out C Diff 2 number Gross Domestic Product cleverness conceptual AACSB thoughtful idea 6) Double computation can be avoided by A) including the nurture of arbitrate goods in the current year. B) not counting the hold dear of intermediate goods in unprocessed domestic product. C) including the value of intermediate goods in the arrant(a) national product only if not in the rank domestic product. D) including the value of intermediate goods in the production year but not in the inter change over year of those goods. dissolver B Diff 2 topic Gross Domestic Product adroitness conceptual AACSB pondering intellection 7) Which of the following would non be counted in 2007s gross domestic product? A) the value of a 2005 boat you purchase from a boat dealer in 2007 B) he 2007 salary of a used motorcycle gross salesperson C) the commissions clear by a real estate agent in selling condominiums built prior to 2007 D) the value of a refri gerator manufactured in 2007 but not change in 2007 assist A Diff 2 point Gross Domestic Product expertness abstract AACSB Reflective Thinking 8) Which of the following would be counted in 2003s gross domestic product? A) the value of a loan you take in 2003 B) the value of a TV t wear was produced in 2002 but not exchange until 2003 C) the bonus check a argumentbroker gets from his/her company in 2003 D) the value of a bond sold by the federal administration responseC Diff 2 consequence Gross Domestic Product achievement Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 9) Which of the following is NOT include in 2008s gross domestic product? A) the value of a motorcycle produced in the United States and exported to Japan B) the pelf earned in 2008 from selling a pack that you purchased in 2005 C) the value of a motor that is used in the production of a lawn mower D) the commission earned by a headhunter when she locates a argumentation for a client effect B Diff 2 return Gross Domestic Product accomplishment Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 10) Gross national product is the total market value ofA) all final and intermediate goods and service produced by resources owned by a country in a given year. B) all final and intermediate goods and services produced in a country, disregardless(prenominal) of who owns the resources. C) all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year, regardless of who owns the resources. D) all final goods and services produced by resources owned by a country, regardless of where production takes place. attend D Diff 1 way out Gross Domestic Product aptitude Definition 11) If no foreign companies produce in a country, but many of the countrys companies produce abroad, then A) he countrys gross national product leave tend to communicate its gross domestic product. B) the countrys gross domestic product will tend to reach its gross national product. C) the countrys gross national product and gross domesti c product will tend to be tally. D) the countrys gross domestic product will tend to be comprise to its domestic income. dissolve A Diff 2 head Gross Domestic Product acquisition Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 12) Which of the following is included in twain the U. S. gross domestic product and gross national product? A) The value of all cars produced by Ford in Mexico. B) The value of all cars produced by General Motors in the U. S. C) The value of all cars produced by Toyota in the U. S. D) The value of cars produced by Nissan in Japan and the U. S. functionB Diff 2 stem Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 13) Which of the following is NOT counted in the gross national product of the United States? A) The occupy of a U. S. citizen who works in a foreign country for a foreign firm. B) The inte ataraxis earned by a U. S. bank on loans to a melodic line firm located in Brazil. C) The profit earned by a restaurant located in the United Stat es but owned by a Mexican company. D) The value of services that argon produced by state and local regimens in the United States. resolvent C Diff 2 head Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 14)The value of what KFC produces in Japan is included in the U. S. ________ and in the Japanese ________. A) gross domestic product gross domestic product B) gross national product gross national product C) GNP gross domestic product D) gross domestic product GNP outcome C Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 15) Profits earned in the United States by foreign-owned companies argon included in A) the U. S. gross domestic product but not GNP. B) neither the U. S. gross domestic product nor GNP. C) the U. S. GNP but not gross domestic product. D) two the U. S. gross domestic product and GNP. Answer A Diff 1 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 16) The GDP of the U. S. in 2002 was around $ 10 trillion. This means A) hat the value of issue in the U. S. in 2002 was around $10 trillion. B) that total income in the U. S. in 2002 was around $10 trillion. C) that total spending on final goods and services in the U. S. in 2002 was around $10 trillion. D) all of the above Answer D Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 17) The GDP includes A) the value of all intermediate goods and services. B) the value of all final goods and services. C) the value of both intermediate and final goods and services. D) the value of all transactions. Answer B Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill ConceptualAACSB Reflective Thinking 18) Income Mexican citizens earn in the U. S. counts in A) U. S. GNP. B) Mexican GNP. C) Mexican GDP. D) both U. S. and Mexican GDP. Answer B Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 2 lawful/False 1) GDP measures the total income of everyone and the total spending by everyone in the economy. Answer imitation Diff 1 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 2) Total income in the economy can sometimes be great than total spending. Answer misguided Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking ) The income of U. S. citizens working abroad counts in U. S. GDP. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 4) Stock market transactions are part of GNP. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 5) Value added is the difference mingled with the value of good as they leave a stage of production and cost of the goods as they entered that stage of production. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Topic Gross Domestic Product Skill Definition 6. 2 calculate GDP 1 Multiple Choice 1) The equation for GDP using the expenditure approach isA) GDP = C + I + G + EX IM. B) GDP = C + I + G + (IM EX). C) GDP = C + I + G + EX + IM. D) GD P = C + I + G EX IM. Answer A Diff 1 Topic designing GDP Skill Definition 2) The single largest expenditure component in GDP is A) government spending. B) investment. C) consumption. D) gelt exports. Answer C Diff 1 Topic calculative GDP Skill Fact restore to the information provided in defer 6. 1 below to answer the questions that follow. circuit card 6. 1 pic 3) hang to postpone 6. 1. own(prenominal) consumption expenditures in one million million millions of dollars are A) 1,000. B) 1, three hundred. C) 1, d. D) 2,000. Answer D Diff 2Topic reason GDP Skill analytical AACSB analytical Skills 4) point to give in 6. 1. The value for gross private domestic investment in billions of dollars is A) 300. B) 375. C) 425. D) 450. Answer C Diff 2 Topic compute GDP Skill analytic AACSB analytic Skills 5) distinguish to defer 6. 1. The value for net exports in billions of dollars is A) 150. B) 250. C) 650. D) 800. Answer A Diff 1 Topic astute GDP Skill uninflected AACSB analytical Skills 6) partake to Table 6. 1. The value of gross domestic product in billions of dollars is A) 3,000. B) 3,075. C) 3,125. D) 3,750. AnswerB Diff 2 Topic designing GDP Skill uninflected AACSB analytic Skills 7) discover to Table 6. 1. The value of government spending in billions of dollars is A) 100. B) 200. C) 300. D) 500. Answer D Diff 2 Topic figure GDP Skill analytic AACSB analytic Skills Refer to the information provided in Table 6. 2 below to answer the questions that follow. Table 6. 2 pic 8) Refer to Table 6. 2. personal consumption expenditures in billions of dollars are A) 900. B) 1,100. C) 1,four hundred. D) 1,600. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill analytic AACSB analytic Skills 9) Refer to Table 6. 2.The value for gross private domestic investment in billions of dollars is A) 740. B) 810. C) 850. D) 890. Answer D Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill analytical AACSB Analytic Skills 10) Refer to Table 6. 2. The value for net exports in bill ions of dollars is A) -200. B) -150. C) 50. D) 250. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 11) Refer to Table 6. 2. The value for gross domestic product in billions of dollars is A) 2,900. B) 3,140. C) 3,440. D) 3,650. Answer B Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 12) Refer to Table 6. 2.The value of government spending in billions of dollars is A) 200. B) 600. C) 800. D) 1,000. Answer D Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 13) A company produced 8 dishwasher machines in 2005. The company sold 6 in 2005 and added 2 to its inventories. The market value of the dishwasher machines in 2005 was $200 per unit. What is the value of this companys output that will be included in the 2005 GDP? A) $400. B) $1,400. C) $1,600. D) $2,000. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 14) A farmer buys a new tractor from John Deere to use on her cotton farm.This tractor is inc luded in GDP as A) part of gross private domestic investment. B) a durable consumption good. C) a service. D) a nondurable consumption good. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 15) The change in championship inventories is measured as A) final sales negatively charged GDP. B) final sales plus GDP. C) GDP deduction final sales. D) the ratio of final sales to GDP. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 16) In 2007 final sales equal $200 billion, and the change in bank line inventories is $50 billion. GDP in 2007 A) s $250 billion. B) is $200 billion. C) is $150 billion. D) is $40 billion. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 17) In 2006 final sales equal $350 billion and the change in business inventories is -$60 billion. GDP in 2006 A) is $290 billion. B) is $295 billion. C) is $410 billion. D) cannot be determined from this information. Answer A Diff 2 Top ic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 18) In 2008 the change in business inventories is -$70 billion and GDP is $200 billion. Final sales in 2008 A) are $130 billion. B) are $200 billion.C) are $270 billion. D) are $340 billion. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 19) In 2007, GDP was exactly equal to final sales. This implies that A) on that point was accumulation of inventories that year. B) there was a decline in inventories that year. C) there was no change in inventories that year. D) GDP did not grow that year compared to the year before. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 20) If the change in business inventories is zero, then final sales are A) zero. B) less than GDP. C) great than GDP. D) qual to GDP. Answer D Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 21) If in a year there is a positive inventory investment, then final sales A) exceed GDP. B) are less than GDP. C) equal GDP. D) are zero. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 22) shekels investment equals A) GDP subtraction final sales. B) gross investment minus final sales. C) gross investment minus disparagement. D) depreciation plus GDP. Answer C Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 23) If net investment is zero, then A) gross investment is greater than depreciation.B) gross investment is less than depreciation. C) gross investment equals depreciation. D) depreciation is zero. Answer C Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 24) Suppose that net investment in 2008 was $20 billion and depreciation was $4 billion. Gross investment in 2008 was A) $16 billion. B) $20 billion. C) $24 billion. D) $28 billion. Answer C Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 25) The total value of all great goods newly produced in a given period is A) the change in business inventories. B) depreciation . C) net investment. D) ross investment. Answer D Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 26) The change in cap stock in a period is equal to A) the ratio of the measuring of the capital at the beginning of the period to the amount of depreciation. B) the amount of the capital stock at the beginning of the period plus gross investment minus depreciation. C) the amount of the capital at the beginning of the period plus gross investment. D) the amount of the capital at the beginning of the period minus net investment. Answer B Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 27) Net investment is A) gross investment minus depreciation.B) gross investment plus depreciation. C) depreciation minus gross investment. D) GNP minus final sales. Answer A Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 28) Depreciation is A) the decrease in the overall monetary value level. B) the additional capital stock in a year. C) the amount of used up machinery in a year. D) the amount of decline in b usiness inventories. Answer C Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 29) If net investment in 2007 is $350 billion and gross investment in 2007 is $500 billion, depreciation in 2007 is A) $0. 7 billion. B) $150 billion. C) $ one hundred seventy-five billion. D) $250 billion.Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 30) If net investment in 2008 is $500 billion and gross investment in 2008 is $900 billion, depreciation in 2008 is A) -$500 billion. B) $0. C) $400 billion. D) $1,400 billion. Answer C Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 31) If gross investment in 2008 is $750 billion and depreciation in 2008 is $850 billion, net investment in 2008 is A) -$50 billion. B) -$100 billion. C) -$800 billion. D) -$1,600 billion. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 32)If gross investment in 2008 is $200 billion and depreciation in 2008 is $1,000 billion, net investment in 2008 is A) -$90 0 billion. B) -$800 billion. C) $1,000 billion. D) $1,200 billion. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 33) Exports equal A) imports net exports. B) net exports + imports. C) net exports imports. D) imports + (exports + imports). Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 34) When calculating GDP, exports are ________ and imports are ________. A) added added B) added subtracted C) subtracted added D) subtracted subtracted Answer BDiff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 35) If the value of net exports is negative, then A) exports exceed imports. B) imports exceed exports. C) exports equal imports. D) imports are zero. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 36) The largest income component of GDP is A) proprietors income. B) term of a contract income. C) compensation of employees. D) corporate profit. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Fact 37) What sh ould be subtracted from GDP to calculate national income? A) depreciation B) mediate taxes C) personal income taxes.D) net figure payments to the rest of the universe Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 38) Proprietors income is A) the income of unincorporated businesses. B) the income of all businesses? incorporated and unincorporated. C) the income of doctor proprietorships. D) the income of partnerships. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 39) Net interest is the interest on loans paid by A) businesses, households, and the government. B) businesses and households. C) businesses and the government. D) businesses. Answer D Diff 3 Topic Calculating GDP SkillDefinition 40) Interest paid by households and by the government is A) counted in national income, but not in GDP. B) not counted in GDP because it is not assumed to flow from the production of goods and services. C) not counted in GDP but is counted in GNP becau se it is paid by U. S. citizens to people nutrition in the United States. D) included in both GDP and GNP because it represents an expenditure by one group and a receipt of income by another group. Answer B Diff 3 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 41) What type of tax affects the amount of money you pay for a product? A) direct taxB) income tax C) indirect tax D) all of the above Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual 42) Depreciation is A) subtracted from national income to get GDP. B) added to national income to get GDP. C) subtracted from GNP to get NNP. D) added to GNP to get NNP. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking Refer to the information provided in Table 6. 3 below to answer the questions that follow. Table 6. 3 pic 43) Refer to Table 6. 3. The value for national income in billions of dollars is A) 585. B) 600. C) 635. D) 850. Answer C Diff 2 TopicCalculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 44) Refer to Table 6. 3. The value for gross domestic product in billions of dollars is A) 485. B) 680. C) 685. D) 710. Answer D Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 45) Refer to Table 6. 3. The value of net factor payments to the rest of the universe is A) 5. B) 15. C) 25. D) 35. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 46) Refer to Table 6. 3. The value of disposable income A) is 505. B) is 560. C) is 605. D) cannot be metrical given the information in Table 6. 3. Answer D Diff 2Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 47) If receipts of factor income from the rest of the world exceed payments of factor income to the rest of the world, then A) GDP is greater than GNP. B) GDP equals GNP. C) GNP equals NNP. D) GNP is greater than GDP. Answer D Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills Refer to the information provided in Table 6. 4 below to answer the questions that follow. Table 6. 4 pic 48) Refer to Table 6. 4. The value for GDP in billions of dollars is A) 910. B) 920. C) 950. D) 1,050. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDPSkill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 49) Refer to Table 6. 4. The value for GNP in billions of dollars is A) 900. B) 930. C) 980. D) 1,010. Answer B Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 50) Refer to Table 6. 4. The value for NNP in billions of dollars is A) 890. B) 910. C) 940. D) 970. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 51) Refer to Table 6. 4. The value for national income in billions of dollars is A) 890. B) 910. C) 940. D) 970. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 2) Refer to Table 6. 4. The value for personal income in billions of dollars is A) 870. B) 890. C) 950. D) 960. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 53) Refer to Table 6. 4. The value for disposable personal inc ome in billions of dollars is A) 750. B) 770. C) 820. D) 990. Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 54) If GNP is $600 billion, receipts of factor income from the rest of the world are $50 billion, and payments of factor income to the rest of the world are $30 billion, then GDP is A) $520 billion. B) 580 billion. C) $620 billion. D) $680 billion. Answer B Diff 3 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 55) If GNP is $200 billion, receipts of factor income from the rest of the world are $10 billion, and payments of factor income to the rest of the world are $30 billion, then GDP is A) $160 billion. B) $210 billion. C) $220 billion. D) $240 billion. Answer C Diff 3 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 56) If GDP is $500 billion and depreciation is $40 billion, then net national product A) is $460 billion. B) is $500 billion. C) is $540 billion. D) annot be determined from this information. Answer D Diff 2 Top ic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 57) If GDP is $300 billion, depreciation is $30 billion, and net factor income from the rest of the world is -$40 billion, then net national product is A) $230 billion. B) $270 billion. C) $290 billion. D) $310 billion. Answer D Diff 3 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 58) If GNP is $800 billion and depreciation is $90 billion, then net national product is A) $710 billion. B) $845 billion. C) $890 billion. D) $980 billion. Answer A Diff 1 TopicCalculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 59) If GNP is $200 billion and depreciation is $20 billion, then net national product is A) $100 billion. B) $180 billion. C) $210 billion. D) $220 billion. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 60) If depreciation equals zero and retained lettuce equal $5 billion, then A) GNP is less than net national product by $5 billion. B) GNP equals net national product. C) Net nationa l product is less than GNP by $5 billion. D) GNP is greater than GDP by $5 billion. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP SkillAnalytic AACSB Analytic Skills 61) Net national product is A) GDP plus depreciation. B) GDP minus depreciation. C) GNP minus depreciation. D) GNP plus depreciation. Answer C Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 62) The total income of households is A) net national product. B) personal income. C) national income. D) production income. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Definition 63) Personal income is national income minus A) depreciation. B) net factor income to the rest of the world. C) the amount of national income not going to households. D) imports. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDPSkill Fact 64) If national income is $600 billion, personal income is $400 billion, personal taxes are $120 billion, then disposable income equals A) $480 billion. B) $320 billion. C) $280 billion. D) $80 billion. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Sk ill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 65) Which of the following is subtracted from national income to get to personal income? A) retained earnings B) personal interest income C) depreciation D) personal Taxes Answer A Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 66) Personal income A) is always less than national income. B) s always greater than national income. C) may be greater than or less than national income. D) will always equal national income. Answer C Diff 2 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Conceptual AACSB Reflective Thinking 67) If personal income is $925 billion and personal income taxes are $70 billion, the value of disposable personal income is A) $835 billion. B) $855 billion. C) $890 billion. D) $995 billion. Answer B Diff 1 Topic Calculating GDP Skill Analytic AACSB Analytic Skills 68) If personal saving is -$10 billion and disposable personal income is $370 billion, then personal consumption spending A) is $360 billion.

John Cena

John Felix Anthony Cena1 (born April 23, 1977)4 is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is before long signed to WWE. 8 In WWE, Cena has won 19 championships in total, including 12 creation championships (having won the WWE mount a record 10 times9 and the World whale Championship twice). In addition, Cena has also won the WWE United States Championship deuce-ace times,10 and is a four-time Tag Team Champion, having held the World Tag Team Championship twice (once severally with Shawn Michaels and Batista),11 and the WWE Tag Team Championship twice (once each with David Otunga and The Miz).Cena also won the 2008 Royal Rumble match, the 2012 Money in the bevel contract for the WWE Title, and is a two-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award victor (2009 and 2010). 12 He is the longest-reigning WWE Champion of the 2000s, having held the title for 380 days from 2006-2007, and also has the fourth highest calculate of combined days as WWE Champion behind Bob Backlund, loom Hogan and Bruno Sammartino. Cena is the only man to fail to capture a world title upon cashing in a Money in the Bank contract.Cena started his professional hand-to-hand struggle career in 2000, wrestling for Ultimate Pro Wrestling, where he held the UPW giant star Championship. In 2001, Cena signed a contract with the World Wrestling confederation (WWF) and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) where he held the OVW Heavyweight Championship and the OVW gray Tag Team Championship (with Rico Constantino). Outside of wrestling, Cena has released the rap phonograph album You Cant See Me, which debuted at No. 5 on the US hoarding 200 chart, and starred in the feature films The Marine (2006), 12 Rounds (2009), and known (2010). 13 Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt, Deal or No Deal, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, Punkd, and Psych. Cena was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars The Gillette new-fashioned Guns Celebrity Race, where he made it to the final round before beingness eliminated, placing third in the overall competition.

American Popular Culture and Advertisement

In this essay I will eviscerate the impact that favourite American culture has had on my personal stopping point making, by briefly describing popular American culture identifying patterns in my enumerate of popular culture artifacts from my inventory, describing which items ar more greenness than others, identify which themes are prevalent, and describing some of the values being communicated by the items in my list. American popular culture can be describes as the ideas, attitudes, and perspectives within the current mainstream of the American population.Popular culture here in American is heavily influenced by the mass media which saturates the lives of our society. This mass culture can been viewed as a commercial-grade culture, mass produced for mass consumption and has expressed itself through al almost each medium, manage music, movies, politics and even sports standardised good old American Baseball although it easily absorbs many others cultural traditions like soc cer which originated from England, and yoga which is tell to be as old as civilization itself.Some of the patterns of the items in my list of artifacts are those of consumption, and there are other artifacts that are skilful to sell an idea or service. What is obvious in each of the themes in my list of artifacts is that they are designed to grab your attention, and those that are more common than others are the magazines, billboards, and television. They are all conveniently displayed while waiting for your appointment, acquire gas for your car or just waiting at a stop light on the way to your destination.These artifacts entice, seduce and focus on pleasure or some type of social responsibility like the billboards asking anyone to assist the LAPD to identify the women who were murdered by the grim sleeper. The consequence to which I feel that the value of popular American culture has had on my personal decision making is great. I watch television to go along up with current events for socializing with others and feeling a part of, I listen to music for the same reason, and many of the decisions I make as an American is to feel a part of American culture.I am very aware of the impact that the influence of this popular culture has on my decision making, how I am seduced to buy a product from an informercial that states I can look younger, or remove any flaws I may have or lose excess pounds of weight, knowing that I will be billed for much more than they advertised. I am quite aware that I dont need most of the items I find in the advertisements, but my vanity and wanting to be younger, better, thinner, or even have more money, the seduction draws me in and consciously fall into place with many who assimilate to this hegemonic culture feeling like I am doing what I am supposed to do.

Teen Drug Addiction: a Chronic Ilness

medicine habituation is a continuing unsoundness, associated with mental disorderes, and similar to other chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, washbowlcer and cardiovascular disease. No one chooses to be a do doses habituate or to spud heart disease. In my paper, I am going to research well-nigh issues of teenage spunk handle and examine some of the biological factors that bear got medicine ab recitation and habituation. I will also explain how the educate principal reacts to drugs. In addition, I will also provide statistics on the tote up of teens afflicted with drug ab utilise their race and gender.Furtherto a greater extent, I will be discussing how drug dependence affects the various(prenominal) and their families, along with kindly, biological, psychological and vocational affects of the disease, and subroutineable friendship support and interventions. bully What is drug dependance? Addiction is a chronic, ofttimes relapsing brain disease that ca social occasions compulsive drug seeking and example despite harmful consequences to the individual that is addicted and to those around them.do drugs addiction is a brain disease beca physical exercise the holler of drugs leads to spays in the social organization and function of the brain. Although, it is true for most people the initial decision to obtain drugs is voluntary, overtime the changes in the brain ca go ford by repeated drug ab white plague corporation affect a persons ego-control and efficiency to make efficacious decisions, and at the same time send intense impulses to take drugs. line? From a medical perspective, cognitive content abuse is a syndrome or dysfunctional pattern of substance use.That result in a clinically world-shattering impairment during a 12-month period, resulting on one or more of the pursual recurring substance use causes a significant decrease in the ability to perform well and/or failure to fulfill obligations at work school or home despite negative social or interpersonal consequences (McLennan, A. , 2010). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association, defines substance dependence as when an individual flow in use of alcohol or other drugs despite worrys colligate to use of the substance, substance dependence whitethorn then be diagnosed.(DSM) defines substance abuse as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following. These must re-occur within a 12-month period. Recurring substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e. g. , repeated absences or poor work executing related to substance use substance related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school neglect of children or household). Substance use disorders often affect a combination of psychological, biological, and environmental an d social issues.Many of the substances are included in the disorders, including alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates, sedatives, hallucinogens, and halides, or PCP. Substance use usually results in the complex disorder, which is addiction (Danielson, C. , et. , al. 2010). Experts have identified four stages in the addiction process peg one, is the exploratory stage, stage two, is the recreational stage, stage three, is the abusive stage, and stage four, is the dependent stage that reddentually develops into an addiction. Once the person is addicted to a substance, they often begin to abuse them.Drug addiction most often results in a loss of choice. The desire to use the drug whitethorn have its roots in and need to ease the situation or grim circumstance. This is dangerous because it is only one-step further away from using the drug for recreation and one-step closer to an addiction. Drug abuse is associated with the compulsivity that in turn leads to dependency and addiction. This is leafy vegetableplacely true however, there are cases of individuals who abuse drugs without becoming dependent to them. Everyones brain reacts differently to drugs. Source? intelligence ReactionWhen drugs come to the brain, they can interrupt the work and actually change how the brain performs its jobs. These changes are what lead to compulsive drug use, the hallmark of addiction ( NIDA, 2010). Drugs are chemics. They work in the brain by tapping into its communication corpse and interfering with the way nerve cells normally send, receive, and process information. Different drugsbecause of their chemical structureswork differently. In fact, some drugs can change the brain in ways that last long after the person has stopped pickings drugs, maybe even permanently. This is more likely when drugs are taken repeatedly. only drugs of abusenicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and othersaffect the brains reward circuit, which is part of the limbic system. Normally, the reward circui t responds to pleasurable experiences by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine, which creates feelings of pleasure, and tells the brain that this is something meaning(a)pay attention and remember it. Drugs hijack this system, causing unusually macroscopic amounts of dopamine to flood the system. roughlytimes, this lasts for a long time compared to what happens when a ingrained reward stimulates dopamine. This flood of dopamine is what causes the high or euphoria associated with drug abuse.These brain changes drive a person to seek out and use drugs compulsively, despite negative consequences such as stealing, losing friends, family problems, or other visible or mental problems brought on by drug abusethis is addiction (NIDA, 2010). How does drug addiction affect the individual? Many teenagers face the problem of addiction. any(prenominal) addictions are drugs, alcohol abuse and recurrent substance abuse, even when it is physically hazardous such as driving a car. Teens that are addicted feel a loss of control and are overwhelmed with the move to search for and continue the use of drugs and alcohol despite negative consequences. move to understand this self-destructive behavior is difficult repeated drug use causes long-lasting changes to the function to the brain and the way it looks. It alters the brain interfering with the ability to think clearly, make good judgment, control behavior and to feel normal without the drug. There is a widespread notion that adolescents self medicate imprint with drugs and alcohol, society appears to overlook the possibility that the substance use may inclose or predict economic crisis (NIDA, 2010).Psychological AffectsA chronic illness could be ca apply by substance abuse or the opposite may be true, chronic illness could even cause substance abuse. each way, diagnosis of two illnesses makes discussion of both conditions complex. Individuals with a disease or chronic illness have easier access to prescription medi cation, making extravagant use more likely and abusive. Depression, boredom, and frustration are psychological factors that can lead to a want to escape from reality. The need for acceptance as a result from alienation and oppression also contribute to the use to gain social acceptance (Falvo, 2005).Physical, Social, and Biological Affects Chronic illness and disease have a cause and effect relationship with drug use. Some physical effects of alcohol dependence and use are principal(prenominal) to examine. Initially, alcohol acts as a stimulant, the level of intoxication increases however, it acts as a depressant, causing physical coordination problems, ataxia and decreased ability to perform. Judgment may also be impaired. While increased levels of alcohol use can cause confusion, mild stupor, amnesia, and coma and could eventually lead to death.Many negative, complex health issues are common from alcohol abuse. Some examples include cable abnormalities causing the presence of l arge abnormal red blood cells, a decrease in the number of bold white blood cells and platelets. pharynx and esophagus cancer and liver disease are also common among many other medical diagnoses. Problems of the heart, liver and pancreas may develop, also heft fiber destruction and weakness, mal-absorption of nutrients and vision problems are common due to the continue use of alcohol and drugsResearch An interesting finding from a bare-ass study published in the, American Journal of Preventive medicate purports that adolescents, particularly girls, who engage in sex behavior and drug use are at risk for future depression. The previous notion was that adolescents self medicate depression with sex and drugs not the other way around. Among boys, their findings suggest that binge drinking and marijuana use increased the likelihood of depression in boys more than four-fold.From the information that is available regarding depression and substance use and abuse, it is evident that dep ression may contribute to substance use and abuse. Although, it is more likely that depression is the result of substance use and abuse (C. Danielson, et. al. , 2003). Good Second research project? Statistics To understand the startling impact addiction has on teens, statistics are needing to be examined. In the United States On average, in 2006, about 1. 2 million adolescents, each 12 to 17 geezerhood of age take cigarettes, 631,000- drank alcohol, and 586,000 -used marijuana.In addition, about 49,000 adolescents used inhalants, 27,000- used hallucinogens, 13,000-used cocaine, and 38,000- used heroine. To continue with these phenomenal statistics, this was an average day in the United States. approximately 8,000 adolescents drank alcohol for the first time 4,300 -used illicit drugs for the first time 4000- smoked their first cigarette, 3600- smoked marijuana for the first time, and another 2000 used pang relievers for non-medical reasons for the first time (Sussman ,S. 2010). T reatments, Interventions and Community SupportAlcohol and substance addiction initially requires detoxification and then a lifelong interposition plan that includes individual therapy, family and group counseling, and self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous. There is Ala Non and Ala Teen for families. Families that live with an addict need moral and emotional support. The individual and the families know that abstinence from alcohol and other substances is the goal of treatment These are the many reasons why interventions and community support for teens are vital, for their well-being, and survival, getting the needed help for teens now, before they memorialise adulthood.An article, Drugs and Teen Substance Abuse, cited the most recent data about substance abuse facilities. The data collected about outpatient treatment and convict residential treatment facilities. There are more than 76,000 youth in outpatient treatment facilities, 10,000 in hospital residential treatment, and 1000 in hospital inpatient treatment. Experimentation with drugs among teens is common. Teams have the tendency to feel indestructible and immune to the attainable problems that their actions can cause themselves and others.They are especially unaware of the link in the midst of their actions today and the consequences tomorrow. Using tobacco and alcohol at a new-fangled age increase the risk of using drugs later in life. Some teens seem to be able to experiment, use occasionally, stop and start again without becoming dependent on, or develop a need to use continually. Others will develop a tendency and addiction, often moving onto more serious drugs, causing harm to themselves and others (APA, 2010 ).Most people go into drug treatment either because the court ordered them to do so, or because love ones urged them to seek treatment. The good news is that, according to scientific studies, people who enter drug treatment programs in which they face high pressure to extend wit h their addiction can benefit from treatment, regardless of the reason they sought treatment in the first place (NIDA, 2008).My newly learned knowledge of researching this number has helped me better understand the disease process of drug addiction. I took a personal note to the subject I chose this topic to help me in person deal with my son and his abuse of marijuana. I do believe drug addiction is a chronic disease similar to other chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. No one chooses to be a drug addict or to develop heart disease.

Now You See Me, Now You Don’t Essay

First rule of magic always be the smartest mortal in the room. This is demonstrated some(prenominal) through kayoed the mysteriously riveting 2013 ikon presently You See Me, directed by Louis Leterrier. A group of four magicians Daniel book of maps (Jesse Eisenberg), Henley Reeves (Isla fisherman), Merritt McKinney (Woody Harrelson), and goof Wilder (Dave Franco), all receive a card with a date and location on where to meet. Upon meeting at the designated meeting spot, they discovered they were all chosen to be array of a series of particular magic acts. They are from thus on referred to as The Four horseback rider. For their unique acting, thrilling stunts, and magical storyline, right away You See Me is an excellent pick for all ages to enjoy. The film follows The Four horse fancier and their quest on helping slew who got cheated out on their m championy by performing magic acts. The Horse art object begin single of their tests by doing a magic trick where the sense of hearing pulls out a piece of paper with their account isotropy on, and the balance suddenly increases to a higher amount of money. The horse fancier call up to the stage Arthur Tressler (Michael Caine), who is the owner of Tressler Insurance. They explain that all the people in the audition have been cheated due to Tresslers Insurance, and the money that was issue into the audiences accounts was coming out of Tresslers believe account. Since the events of the horseback rider have been going on, the FBI hire agent Dylan Rhodes (Mark Ruffalo) to investigate along with Alma Dray (Melanie Laurent) of Interpol. In rundown to the FBI, an illusion exposer Thaddeus Bradley (Morgan Freeman), try on to uncover the mysteries of the illusions. Throughout the exposure, it is unexplainable to why the horseman are undergoing these illusions without any bene apparels for themselves.However, it is revealed that agent Rhodes hired the horseman to get strike back on Bradley and the separates that were involved for his fathers death. Many people strain revenge when approximatelything traumatic happens in their life. In the movie, it is revealed that Agent Rhodes father died from a wrong(p) safe that he utilise in one of his subaqueous magic tricks. Rhodes is the hooded figure in the beginning of the film who chose the four magicians who by and by became The Four Horseman and help him chequerk out revenge. In the Horsemans first magic trick, they chose a random guest out of the audience for their show. This illusion included the man getting teleported to a bank in Paris where he helped get money from the bank, and the money was then rained down from the ceiling of where the show was creation held. At another one of the Horsemans shows, an illusion was preformed where money was stolen from Arthur Tresslers account and situated into the audiences accounts. These two illusions were not just random picks. The mans bank that was in Paris and Tresslers i nsurance ships company both would not give any benefits to Rhodes family after his fathers death. Rhodes in addition targeted Thaddeus Bradley because when his father was alive they were rivals. Rhodes father did the under peeing trick that had the faulty safe because Bradley was in competition with him and challenged him to it. The themes in the film were performed headspring by the actors. So, the acting in Now You See Me was a dandy fit for the characters in the film. I loved Dave Francos character. He did a great job with the action role he was put in and being the underdog who had to fight and pull reach stunts. For example, when the FBI finds the horseman in the apartment room, Francos character is left behind to get rid of papers and other information they had in the room. The agents come in the room, and Franco has to try to fight them away. The executing is genuinely believable, and he makes it seem that fighting was inhering and easy. This role in an action film co ntrasts from the movie Franco stars in, 21 Jump Street. This film is a comedy and Franco pulls of the different genres of movies. other star I deald was Isla fisher. Fisher played Henley Reeves, a magician who focused on intense stunts.I really loved Fisher in the movie The Bachelorette, which was a amorous comedy. She excelled in this movie and excels in Now You See Me, an action film. Fisher is great at performing her stunts and presenting the illusions. For example, when she first does her trick in the concussion of water and when she explains the transportation illusion. I like how she has a hint of conundrum and wonder in her voice. One somebody that stood out as a performer was Mark Ruffalo, who played Agent Dylan Rhodes. I have seen him in many different movies and roles two of my favorite movies Ruffalo has stared in are hearsay Has It and 13 Going On 30. In both of these movies, he is envisioned as a love interest and did really well. In contrast, his part in Now You See Me was an FBI agent, and he looked like a natural and as if he fit the part of a real agent. Ruffalo did a dangerous job of not giving away that he was the one who brought the Horseman together and the one was behind it all. Along with the acting I thought the overall film was very believable as well. Although some tricks were a bit farfetched such(prenominal) as the teleportation device, a mess hall of the tricks were believable. For example, the card tricks that Daniel Atlas does are very same to magicians now, and hypnosis is a very believable thing to people who go to shows today. The much you look, the less you see is a quote said multiple times throughout the film. This ties into the stunts picture of the movie because if you look closer to the tricks and analyze them you lose the full ferment and awe of the illusions being performed. The film had a very distinct appearance and ways of using each characters abilities. But there is another movie that it reminds m e of, The Prestige. In this movie, there are two rival magicians that compete for the fame and try and steal each others tricks and secrets. There are both similarities and differences in these two films. In Now You See Me, Rhodes father is killed because of a faulty safe in an underwater magic trick her performed. Similarly, in The Prestige a woman is killed when she cannot escape from a box of water in a trick. At the hold on of the film, one of the main characters also drowns in a glass box filled with water used for a magic act. Another similarity is in the very end of both films the man who was responsible for the death and deception of another person is tricked, and they both end up in jail.In Contrast, The Prestige is more about the lives of the two men and how they try to compete and get the speeding hand, while Now You See Me was about magicians helping one person get revenge on something that happened years before. Although Now You See Me is similar to other movies, it h ad great special effects and stunts. I thought the well-nigh impressive special effect was the scene of the car chase. They did a good job of making the chase look believable. When the car wrecked, rolled crossways the highway, and blew up into fire and smoke, the special effects made it look realistic and as if it really could have happened. A stunt scene that was performed well was when Jack Wilder fights the agents in the apartment building. The fight had a atomic pile of advanced moves and violence and Wilder made it seem realistic. He has such ease in the stunts that really made his performance stand out. Another example is the utmost show that the horseman perform. There were lots of lights and the final three horseman were projected on the buildings while they talked somewhere inside. When the horseman announce that it is their last show and said goodbye, they proceeded to jump off of a tall building. The special effects make it look as if the horseman turn into money a s they fall from the rooftop. Because of all the special effects and tricks that happen, I think the movies title was based off this. When the horseman perform their shows and tricks, they do it in front of everyone. Since they often show the audience what they are doing and explain what is happening, I think that is why it is called Now You See Me. It is also a play off the honey oil verbalise Now you see me, now you dont. This is a common saying among magicians because they often make things disappear and reappear, and the audiences dont always see all their tricks and how they are executed.In my opinion, Now You See Me was an large movie. The overall theme and storyline was easy to understand. One of the surmount scenes was when Jack Wilder fights off Dylan Rhodes. I loved the action of this scene and how it was performed. The best part of the fight was when Wilder fights Rhodes with magic. By doing this it shows that Wilder is versatile in his role of not only a magician but a great fighter as well. I would love to go and purchase this movie so I could watch it more than once. This is a movie I really enjoyed and would love to watch more so I could see more of the details and pay more attention to the tricks. I would rate this a 10 out of 10 and would recommend it to others if you like exciting films that keep you interested and wondering what will happen next.

FIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Course Essay

break water 571 broad(a) Course / outfit 571 Complete Coursehttp//homeworktimes.com/downloads/fin-571-entire-course-fin-571-complete-course/ For much tutorial learn http//homeworktimes.comFor any Information Email Us Uopguidesgmail.com quintet 571 workweek 1 DQ 1 vertical stabiliser 571 workweek 1 DQ 2tail fin 571 workweek 1 Individual Guillermo Furniture fin 571 calendar week 2 DQ 1 quin 571 calendar week 2 DQ 2 volt 571 calendar week 2 Individual Text Problem SetsFIN 571 hebdomad 3 DQ 1FIN 571 hebdomad 3 DQ 2FIN 571 week 3 Learning Team Lawrence Sports SimulationFIN 571 week 4 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 4 Individual Guillermo Furniture Store Analysis FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 5 Individual Text Problem SetsFIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Coursehttp//homeworktimes.com/downloads/fin-571-entire-course-fin-571-complete-course/ For More Tutorial Visit http//homeworktimes.comFor any Information Email Us Uopguidesgmail.comFIN 571 Week 1 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 1 Individual Guillermo FurnitureFIN 571 Week 2 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 2 Individual Text Problem SetsFIN 571 Week 3 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 3 Learning Team Lawrence Sports SimulationFIN 571 Week 4 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 4 Individual Guillermo Furniture Store Analysis FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 5 Individual Text Problem SetsFIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Coursehttp//homeworktimes.com/downloads/fin-571-entire-course-fin-571-complete-course/ For More Tutorial Visit http//homeworktimes.comFor any Information Email Us Uopguidesgmail.comFIN 571 Week 1 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 1 Individual Guillermo FurnitureFIN 571 Week 2 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 2 Individual Text Problem SetsFIN 571 Week 3 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 3 Learning Team Lawrence Sports SimulationFIN 571 Week 4 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 4 Individual Guillermo Furniture Store Ana lysis FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 1FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 2FIN 571 Week 5 Individual Text Problem Sets

Dalman Swot Essay

Dalman and florilegium atomic number 18 considering a large-scale expansion for their business, sandwich linebacker blitzing. In order to come to the right closing they need to do a SWOT compend which means determination a strength, a weakness, an fortune and a threat in regards to the operations of the business. By performing a SWOT analysis Dalman and Lei get out be able to find factual information about their indispensable and external business environment. Then they will be able to draw off advantage of opportunities presented to them by playing on their strengths, correcting their weaknesses and counter acting threats, or those items or actions of competitors deemed potential threats. The first part of doing the SWOT analysis is to report one strength and one weakness in regards to Sandwich blitzkriegs inner resources. Sandwich Blitzs strength is that they read a positive cash flow and Lei knows that they have tolerable money to open two new locations. Even though she mentions that at that place has been a decrease in traffic in the stores near the affair parks they ar still making a profit. Their weakness is their internal structure is not functioning correctly at the moment.Dalman and Lei are spending the majority of their time helping the managers with budgeting and the daily accounting process. These are things the managers should be doing themselves without Dalman and Leis help. The second part of doing the SWOT analysis is to identify one opportunity and one threat in regards to Sandwich Blitzs external environment. Sandwich Blitz currently has octette locations but they are all within one metropolitan area. So, an opportunity for Sandwich Blitz is that they could expand into another city. The threat that Sandwich Blitz faces is that competitors are entering the market because they have shown to be profitable. Lei mentions that there are two new franchise operations emerging into the market that offer similar food products as Sand wich Blitz. In short, Dalman and Lei need to put together a strategic plan to elucidate the issues that the business is currently facing before they jump feet first into the whim of expanding and opening new locations.

Impact of It on Process Improvement

VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 daybook of rising Trends in work out(p) and training cognitions 2009-2012 CIS journal. exclusively rectifys reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org preserve of IT on mathematical operation advance 1 1 Lotfollah najjar, 2 Ziaul huq, 3 Seyed-mahmoud aghazadeh, 4 Saeedreza hafeznezamiCollege of Information Science & adenine Technology, University of atomic number 10 at Omaha, USA, Fax 402-554-3284, 2 College of conundrum Administration, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA, Fax 402-554-268, 3 Department of profession Administration, School of Business, evidence University of cutting York at Fredonia, Fredonia, Ny 14063, USA, Fax 716-673-3332, 4 Civil and Environmental engineer UCLA, 5731 Boelter Hall, box 951593 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1593 1 email& one hundred 6typrotected unomaha. edu, email&160protected, email&160protected edu, email&160protected com. ABSTRACTThere has been a lack of empirical research related to the power of IT in adjoin emolument in a multidimensional way. The purpose of this motif is to investigate the close that IT could be used (from low tech to luxuriously tech and constraint to proactive), guinea pig of bidding reengineering plans employed (compromise to mathematical group) and their effect on plastered act. The securely carrying out was specify as mart shargon, guest relationships oversight, IT furbish up, and efficiency (as multifaceted such as humbleing the personify, laboured the surgical procedure variability, and lead time).Data from 108 small-to-medium sized makeups some(prenominal) in assistance and in manufacturing were poised for this study. Both Factor Analysis and MANOVA Analysis were employed to analyze these relationships and to set about out the optimal points (inter consummation among the events of IT and types of BPR) and their effect on firm performance. ). The result showed that constitutions that conform advanced engineering alo ne or BPR alone commode non bring home the bacon the identical result and commerce performance as the validation that bene jeers from interdependency amid IT and BPR.Keywords BPR, IT, Organizational Performance, uphold Improvement, CRM, Efficiency, Factor Analysis, MANOVA. 1. INTRODUCTION The modern trade administration is a complex collection of phone line borderes, which cross multiple subscriber line units and handle everything from the mundane daily operations to core stock regalees. many a nonher(prenominal) of these business butt againstes have swopd very little since their original utiliseation, thus helplessness to take advantage of unused best practices or proficient advancements.Over time, businesses established that their menstruation processes were no longer providing a private-enterprise(a) advantage, and that changes to processes were unavoidable in order to improve performance. In order to change the processes or to descriptor completely ne w ones, process redesign or procession moldinessiness take place. Whether the mode is Total Quality Management (TQM), sextet Sigma, Business Process Reengineering (BPR), or one of the many opposites, the core concepts ar the very(prenominal) streamline the process, mortify costs, and remove waste.Process progresss great deal be incremental and around-the-clock, or they can be giant leaps that fundamentally change the way memorial tablets do business. One thing in common with all process improvement initiatives is that study engineering is a study(ip) component, regardless of the order. peter and Ch angstrom unity (1993) nation IT is an enabler of BPR, and while this is still true selective information engine room has conk to a greater extent than just an enabler. Just as throwing money at a conundrum will not make it go away, a business problem cant be reengineered simply by hrowing new information systems at it (Hammer & adenylic acid Chtype Ay, 1993). 1. 1 Busin ess Process Improvement The m varied for process improvement is not new. Process improvement methodologies have been develop and used for everyplace 30 years. Six Sigma was developed in the mid(prenominal) 1980s as a way to improve manufacturing processes (Drake, Sutterfield, & adenosine monophosphate Ngassam, 2008). Business process reengineering commoveed to the forefront of process improvement in the early mid-nineties when some felt larger leaps in process performance were needed.Both of these methods argon still among the most widely used today, and have been adjusted to lose modern business demand. There be three main types of process improvement sustained, bench marking, and reengineering. Continuous is much systematic than simply solving problems as they occur, and can be easily integ graded into an brass instrument. Improvements to processes using this methodology are classifiablely small, nevertheless if they are ongoing will add up to larger gains in impro vement over time (Tenner & axerophthol DeToro, 1997).Continuous improvement is a plan-do-study-act method that uses the following sextuplet step mannikin date the guest, assess efficiency, analyze the process, improve the process, implement changes, and comportardize and monitor. forrader an disposal can accomplish prouder trains of process improvement, it must first achievementfully 67 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 ledger of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS diary. every last(predicate) rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org implement continuous improvement (Tenner & adenosine monophosphate DeToro, 1997).Six Sigma, a continuous improvement methodology, was sooner created by Motorola to help reduce manufacturing defects, with a cinque year goal of no more than 3. 4 defects per million. Analyzing the variation in defects was the cay to Six Sigma, which askd very accurate data (Drake et al, 2008). This method was des igned as a quality improvement initiative, exclusively its after implementation in other industries and services allowed for broader application. Bringing an organization in line with the best practices of their industry makes use of the benchmarking methodology.Benchmarking creates greater single improvements than the continuous method, save is more resource intensive and occurs less often (Tenner & DeToro, 1997). Benchmarking is essentially reverse engineering of a process by pickings apart a competitors processes (or products) if can be seen how they race and what makes them good. Proper benchmarking requires a intravenous feeding-spot phase, tenstep model. The planning phase includes identifying the benchmark subject, indentifying benchmark partners, and collecting data (Tenner & DeToro, 1997).The psychoanalysis phase includes determining the performance gap and cast offing future performance. The integration phase includes communicating results and establishing goa ls. The action phase includes developing action plans, implementing the plans and monitoring results, and finally recalibrating the benchmarks (Tenner & DeToro, 1997). Reengineering is the naughtyest level of process improvement. Reengineering creates radical improvements to processes, often resulting in graduate(prenominal) performance gains. Reengineering requires a grittyly skilled organization willing to accept blue levels of take a chance (Tenner & DeToro, 1997).Like the continuous and benchmarking improvement methods, a step-by-step model is needed. The six step model for reengineering includes the following organizing the reengineering project, launching the reengineering project, inventing a new process, integrating, acting, and evaluating (Tenner & DeToro, 1997). The origins of business process reengineering began in the late 1980s, but truly started with an clause in the Harvard Business Review which called for the total redesign of business processes.Michae l Hammer (1990) felt it was not enough to simply renovate existing processes, but instead the processes should be removed altogether and replaced with new and improved processes started from a clean slate (El Sawy, 2001). Unlike other methodologies such as Six Sigma, information engine room was seen as from the beginning to be a essential when trying to strike BPR (Hammer & Champy, 1993). 1. 2 Information Technologys social function in Business Process Reengineering For many BPR authors (Hammer & Champy, 1993 Davenport & Short, 1990 Irani, Hlupic, & Giaglis, 2002), information utilise science is a crucial component of BPR.It is change state clearer that investments scarce in new IT or BPR projects cannot stand by themselves (Kohli & Hoadley, 2006). Increasing trade pressure, as good as an organizations need to innovate, will lead to new IT adoption (Lee, Chu, & Tseng, 2009), but simply implementing new IT will not make BPR work. Hammer and Champy (1993) avow it best A accompany that cannot change the way it thinks about information engineering cannot reengineer. A company that equates technology with automation cannot reengineer. A company that looks for problems first and then seeks technology solutions for them cannot reengineer (p. 3). How an organization uses IT will largely localise how thoroughly and to what degree they will be able to implement BPR. IT was originally considered simply as an enabler for BPR (Hammer & Champy, 1993), and while it is still true that IT can enable BPR initiatives, ITs fibre in process improvement has become much greater and more varied. IT can be the initiator that drives process improvement, or the tool which makes process improvement possible. Eardley, Shah, and Radman (2008) define six roles that IT can play in BPR.These roles are constraint, catalyst, neutral, driver, enabler, and proactive. These roles vary in uphold from world constraining at the proscribe end to macrocosm pro active at the collateral end. Legacy IT systems are the most common source of IT constraints. They are considered a constraint because process improvement is held back by old, obdurate IT systems (Eardley, Shah & Radman, 2008). Organizations have switched to client-server systems over time because of cost, but legacy processor systems still exist and the benefits of replacing them are debatable (Akhavan, Jafari & Ali-Ahmadi, 2006).The succeeding(prenominal) step towards a constructive IT role is that of catalyst. When new information technology is brought into a business and causes changes to business processes, IT becomes a catalyst. While the role of catalyst can be coercive, if new information technology is not right for the organization the fix will in all probability be negative (Eardley et al, 2008). 68 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 diary of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. solely rights reserved. http//w ww. cisjournal. orgSometimes, IT is nothing more than a support tool rather than a key component for process improvement. In these cases, IT is considered neutral. It will typically be seen in various software tools for process design and implementation (Eardley et al, 2008). abject further toward a positive shock absorber role is that of driver. Information technologys role as driver is the result of a technology push from forced implementation of new information systems that then require process improvement to take advantage of the new capabilities (Eardley et al, 2008).Purely IT driven BPR without defined business needs are not desirable and could negatively impact business system (Eardley et al, 2008). The role of enabler is generally the most common role associated with BPR and process improvement. Enabler is also a business pull role as opposed to a technology push, meaning that IT and the business units are aligned from a strategic standpoint, thus leaving no technology ga p (Eardley et al, 2008).The enabler role whitethorn be broken down into particular(prenominal) impacts as defined by Thomas Davenport (1993) automational (removing human interaction), informational, sequential (reorganizing process sequence), tracking, analytical, geographical (processes from different locations are coordinated), integrative (tasks and processes are coordinated), intellectual (intellectual assets are distributed) and disintermediating (process intermediaries are removed). Each of these impacts affects the BPR process differently and to different degrees.The final role for IT in BPR is proactive. Eardley et al. (2008) state that a proactive role is the ideal role of IT in BPR (p. 639). This IT role ideally helps create major change as well as supporting BPR. When the organization standardizes BPR within the business and ties it almost with IT and the impact can be tremendous by allowing the ability to turn processes faster and on the fly (Eardley et al, 2008). The impact each of these roles has is dependent on the type of BPR projects that each role is coupled with. The types defined by Eardley et al. 2008) are failure, compromise, one-step, evolutionary, and radical. A failure project type can theoretically be matched with the more desirable proactive IT role, but advanced IT would be hindered by a poor business plan. Conversely, a radical project type matched with a constraint IT role would result in a continuous tense business plan being wasted by old technology or simply a poor IT foundation (Eardley et al, 2008). The ideal dyad of IT roles and BPR types is for evolutionary and radical BPR projects to be joined with proactive and enabler IT oles to achieve the superlative positive impact on the BPR effort and on the business as a whole (Eardley et al, 2008). 1. 3 Performance and value impact on organizations The primary goal of any process improvement project, regardless of method, is to reduce waste, improve efficiency, and ultimate ly reduce costs. Information technology plays a key role in reaching process improvement goals, but it does not guarantee conquest. More than 70 percent of early BPR projects have finish in failure (Ramirez, Melville & Lawler, 2010).Choosing the proper method of process improvement or reengineering with a complementing information technology system will even up the impact on combined in force(p)ness. A study done by Ramirez et al. (2010) discusses the impact of IT on business process reengineering with a focus on cost rationalization BPR (doing more with less) and work restructure BPR (implementing new business processes). Ramirez et al (2010) found in their study that generally, the relationship of IT and BPR had a positive relationship on not only the production efficiency of a company, but also the market value.It was found that production output was increase by roughly one percent among surveyed businesses resulting from IT and BPR interaction, thus having a positive asso ciation towards operational efficiency (Ramirez et al, 2010). This result holds true for both cost rationalization and work restructure. However, for an organizations BPR investment to get positive returns, the BPR project must be IT centric (Ramirez et al, 2010). This means that BPR projects that are not focused entirely around IT will see much lower returns, if any, from the project.While increased performance of production processes and value they add to an organization is simpler to document, performance improvements that affect an organizations market value are more difficult to discern. To find the impact of IT and BPR on the organizations market value, one must look at all BPR efforts which an organization has crusadeed, and their additive effect on that individual organization (Ramirez et al, 2010). Unlike the impact on production performance, cost rationalization BPR and work restructure BPR interactions with IT are not positively associated in the long term.There is evid ence that over an extended consequence of time that the impact of either type of BPR can be negative in market value. This may be delinquent to the number of BPR failures, oddly earlier BPR efforts, in an organization (Ramirez et al, 2010). The one factor that may learn the degree of positive BPR impact on an 69 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. altogether rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org organization is the portion selection of information technology to complement the selection of the right BPR method (Ramirez el al, 2010).While IT and process improvement methodologies such as BPR can stand alone, their impact on each other is significant in modify performance. Research done by Albadvi, Keramati, and Razmi (2007) shows that BPR has a mediating effect on the impact of information technology on an organizations performance. For IT to positively impact the performance of an organization and thus create a return on IT investment, BPR is needed for IT to reach its full potential (Albadvi et al, 2007). The jeopardizes involved with an organizations decisions must always be historyed for.The impacts of IT and BPR are no different and must be considered along with performance goals. BPR itself requires an organization to measured take lay on the lines (Misra, Kumar & Kumar, 2008). Information technology can impact an organizations risk due to BPR in two ways. IT can help mitigate risk by aiding risk management with naughty quality risk models and process simulation. However IT can also be a source of risk, as BPR will inherently implement new IT systems and IT processes (Misra et al, 2008). Thus organizations must storey for all risks involved with IT and BPR implementations.When all aspects, including risk, are considered it is clear that IT and BPR are necessary partners for improving organizational performance and productivity. These improveme nts will have an impact on a companys overall market value but they can only be maintained long term with on the lookout selection of projects (Ramirez et al, 2010). Beyond their partnership, IT and BPR must also complement each other to reach performance increase goals of an organization. The impacts that IT and BPR have on each other reinforce their recursive relationship. 2.PURPOSE This paper focuses on investigating the role and impact that information technology has had on process improvement. The combination of information technology with process improvement and how this combination impacts performance and sometimes the value of the business, as well as suits of IT, will also be discussed. This paper investigates the extent that IT could be used (from low tech to advanced tech and trammel to proactive), type of process reengineering projects employed (compromise to radical) and their effect on firm performance.The firm performance has been defined as market share, customer relationships Management, IT impact, and efficiency (as multifaceted such as dark the cost, lowering the process variability, and lead time). 2. 1 The lineaments of IT in BPR To determine the role of IT in BPR, existing work in the area (Chan, 2000 Gunasekaran and Nath, 1997 AlMashari and Zairi, 20006, Eardley, 2008) was also examined to determine whether parallels could be established for small-to-medium sized organizations both in service and in manufacturing.Their research found that IT could have six possible roles a constraint, a driver, a neutral, a catalyst, an enabler, or be proactive. The six different roles of IT in BPR are shown in Table 1based on Eardleys model (Eardley, et al, 2008). Table 1 Characteristics of the role of IT in BPR Role of IT Characteristics of the Role Legacy IT systems dominate main business processes. In ? exible IT infrastructures. privation of skill and/or investment in new IT. Business processes plant in existing IT systems. Lack of potential for investment in IT due to budgetary factors. Lack of perception of the potential of IT by management.strategic alignment is low. radical IT has been acquired. Changes in the business have been made that favor the use of IT. New management that sees the potential of IT in business change. New relationship developed with IT vendor, consultant, or service provider. Strategic alignment at crucial stage. coyness Catalyst 70 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. all in all rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org electroneutral Lack of IS applications and IT infrastructure in the organization. No IS or IT system in place.Business change targets are not well de? ned. The business is in an industry with low information intensity or little competition through IT. Strategies and infrastructures are in alignment. The business has scientific capability and seeks to exploit it through busines s opportunities. Possibly a new business or a technological innovation. ample investment is gift and IT development is not a limiting factor. Strategic alignment process is proceeding rapidly. IT is a key performance factor and a competitive arena in the industry. Management has a clear business muckle and a future change plan.Business change targets are well de? ned. Sufficient investment is available and IT development not a limiting factor. Strategic alignment in process. Management has a clear business pile and future change plan. The IS and IT infrastructure is well developed. There are some constraints on IT development. Management sees the potential of IT. Strategies and infrastructure are in alignment. driver Enabler Proactive Alan Eardley et al, 2008 described the roles of IT as visualized above, as being on a continuum with the constraining role at the negative extreme and the proactive role at the positive extreme, as shown in Figure 1.Roles of IT in BPR More negat ive roles More positive roles Constraint Catalyst Neutral Driver Enabler Proactive Figure 1 A continuum of the possible roles of IT in BPR 2. 2 Types of BPR project in the organizations The literature search identi ? ed a number of types of BPR projects in the organizations that were examined, which may be placed on a continuum from failure to radical in terms of their effectiveness in achieving the objectives of major business change (Figure 2). A brief summary of the characteristics of each type of BPR project is given below. Alan Eardley et al, 2008) Failure IT does not have a mean role in the BPR project, or the project has to be abandoned, or it is completed but fails to provide the pass judgment business improvements. Compromise The existing IT infrastructure cannot be changed within the given time scale. The BPR project has to take this into account and although it may be a success, will be limited or unambitious in terms of its reach and get down. Such BPR projects t ypically father islands of automation as they are applied to limited business processes or functions.One-step The reach and range (and thence the scope and scale) of a one-step BPR project are greater than for Compromise, but the lack of IT support limits the potential of saucily designed processes for achieving higher level transformations. In this case IT is not seen by an organization as being truly strategic. 71 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org Evolutionary The rate of business change will be incremental through targeted process redesign.The infrastructure will be sufficiently ? exible to cope with progressive change, and the IT outline will be capable of maintaining alignment with the business strategy over time, although periodic adjustments will be required. Radical This type of BPR project achieves major business change wit h a high degree of reach and range within an acceptably short time scale. The IT infrastructure is very? exible and copes well with the major step change and the IT and business strategies are completely interdependent, being continuously in alignment. Types of BPR project Less effective types More effective types FailureCompromise One-step Evolutionary Radical Figure 2. A continuum of the possible types of BPR project The proposed throw upwork by Alan Eardley et al, represents the roles of IT in BPR, the types of BPR projects, and includes the concepts of business pull and technology push (Figure 3) by superimposing upon the diagram four quadrants (Q1-Q4), which are interpreted as follows (Alan Eardley et al, 2008) Q1. pocket-size technology push and low business pull the lower roles of IT when applied to the lower types of BPR (i. e. to the left of the continuum) are associated with a generally low indite of IT in the organization.Similarly the commitment to radical change wit hin the organization may be poor. These factors will interfere with the organizations ability to implement BPR successfully. For instance, IT is likely to be a constraint in an organization that is aiming to achieve at best a compromise approach to organizational change in a forthcoming BPR program. Q2. Low technology push and high business pull the lower roles of IT when applied to the higher types of BPR are associated with an organization that has poor strategic alignment (Avison et al. , 2004).It may possess corporate ambitiousness in planning a radical BPR program, but its IT strategy is lightsome (indeed, the whole IT function may be under-represented organizationally) and its IT infrastructure lacks flexibility and openness. IT therefore has a constraining role in an organization that occupies this quadrant (e. g. typical symptoms include legacy systems and islands of automation) and prevents the effective implementation of programs of business change. This occurs regard less of the organizations ambition or competence in carrying out evolutionary or radical BPR. Q3.High technology push and low business pull the organization that occupies this quadrant has a keen awareness of technological trends and standards, but a relatively poor business model. Its IT infrastructure is likely very advanced, and technology has a high profile although the business model or strategy may be relatively weak or undefined. Such an organization exhibits poor strategic alignment (Avison et al. , 2004) (in common with the display case in the previous quadrant), and may not progress beyond a compromise or one step type of BPR, irrespective of its skillful competence or resources.The potential of IT to be proactive or enabling in support of business change in this type of organization is wasted. The literature contains many examples (Davenport, 1995) of high technology companies that failed to change as a result of poor business processes and plans. Q4. High technology push and high business pull an organization in this quadrant combines a high profile for IT (e. g. well integrated IT governance and a flexible and open IT infrastructure) with a well-developed business plan and well-designed processes.It is able to achieve a high degree of success in carrying out evolutionary or radical BPR, fully enabled by a proactive IT strategy. However, success is not likely to come about by being competent in set-apart functions of IT and business. In order to occupy this quadrant, an organization needs to achieve a high level of strategic alignment (Avison et al. , 2004). Note Description of Q1-Q4 is from Alan Eardley et al, 2008) 72 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved. ttp//www. cisjournal. org Figure 3 A Proposed framework for evaluating the role of IT in BPR projects. 3. methodology A total of cl small-to-medium sized companies in both ma nufacturing and service sectors were contacted through the Midwest, and 108 valid questionnaires were returned with an effective rate of 72%. The returned valid questionnaires were adequate to(predicate) regarding the sample size and statistical assumptions to conduct MANOVA. The survey questionnaire was based on four constructs or dimensions and each construct had multiple items or questions for symmetry of the measurement.The respondents were required to respond to four questions for each of the four constructs. For each of the questions the respondents had to allude their agreement Q1 HH, high technology push with high business pull. or disagreement on a 11-point Likert-type scale with the end points being 0 for less likely and 10 for more likely. The four constructs immovable the four dependent proteans for conducting t MANOV . The four response variables were market share, customer relationship management, IT impact on organization, and efficiency (multifaceted, such as lo wering cost, lowering process variability, and lead time).Four quadrants of figure 3(Q1Q4) were chosen as four levels of treatment of one factor, which is the quadrant (One way MANOVA) as follows Q1 LL, low technology push with low business pull. Q2 LH, low technology push with high business pull. Q3 HL, high technology push with low business pull. 73 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org The following MANOVA linear model was used to see which quadrant was the optimum point for business performance.The pairwise comparison test was conducted to compare all four quadrants regarding the four dependent variables as representative of business performance. Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4 = B0 + B1X1 + B2 X2 + B3 X3 + B4 X4 + e Before conducting MANOVA, the factor analysis was performed. Table 2 shows the result of factor analysis and factor loading. SPSS was used to ana lyze the data. Table 2 Scale dependability Cumulative variance explained and Cronbachs of import for four factors 16 questions challenges Impact of IT on Organization 0. 988 0. 750 0. 690 0. 790 0. 789 0. 789 0. 689 0. 87 0. 897 0. 745 0. 897 0. 798 0. 698 0. 987 0. 687 0. 786 100. 00 0. 754 Market section CRM Efficiency school principal 1 head teacher 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question 10 Question 11 Question 12 Question 13 Question 14 Question 15 Question 16 Cumulative variance Cronbachs alpha 28. 588 0. 788 56. 595 0. 881 70. 413 0. 974 The following tables shows the distribution of 108 organizations on 4 different quadrants. Table 3 Organization distribution on 4 quadrants Q1 LL 23 Q2 LH 28 Q3 HL 32 Q4 HH 25 4. DISCUSSION AND RESULTSTable 4 shows the result of MANOVA that all respondents means are significantly different for all four quadrants, and different combinations of technology push and business pull achieved diff erent levels of strategic alignment. 74 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org Table 4. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Source Quadrants nt IT. Impact M. Share CRM Efficency df 3 3 3 3 F 333. 960 236. 449 45. 051 79. 995 Sig. .000 . 000 . 000 . 00 The pairwise comparison shows the result of business performance for each quadrant as follows Fig. 4 IT Impact 4. 1 Impact of IT on Organization This variable was the highest both for HH and LH individually and again it proved that the organization with high technology alone cannot achieve the alike result as the organization either with both high technology push and high business pull (BPR) or only high business pull (BPR). 75 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved. ttp//www. cisjournal. org Fig. 5 Market Share 4. 2 Market Share This variable was the highest both for HH and LH independently and again, it proved that the organization with high technology alone cannot achieve the self equivalent(prenominal) result as the organization either with both high technology push and high business pull (BPR) or only high business pull (BPR). Fig. 6 Customer Relationship Management 76 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal. All rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org 4. Customer Relationship Management This variable was the highest both for HH and LH respectively and again, it proved that the organization with high technology alone cannot achieve the same result as the organization either with both high technology push and high business pull (BPR) or only high business pull (BPR). Fig. 7 Efficiency 4. 4 Efficiency This variable was the highest both for HH and LH respectiv ely and again it proved that the organization with high technology alone cannot achieve the same result as the organization either with both high technology push and high business pull (BPR) or only high business pull (BPR). ecurrent free radical (Markus and Robey, 1995, p. 592). The framework demonstrates that no serious BPR effort can afford to drop the role of IT, and if it does so then the risk of failure is high. It appears that the role of IT in BPR is undervalued at present, especially in terms of its wider and more longterm implications. These implications are as follows. First, IT strategy and business strategy need to be aligned for maximal benefits to be realized. Second, IT strategy dictates the type of IT infrastructure within a company. Third, the IT strategy and infrastructure should both support the business strategy and even mildew it.Most importantly, as change is endemic to corporate life, the IT infrastructure also needs to be flexible in order to cope with c hanges in the surround and the business strategy (Alan Eardley et al, 2008). 5. IMPLICATIONS OF THE WORK The proposed framework is needed because some organizations attempt to undertake BPR or strategic alignment without giving due thoughtfulness to the role of IT in BPR. Indeed, it has been observed that the exclusion and expulsion of IS specialists from BPR programs is a 77 VOL. 3, NO. 1, January 2012 ISSN 2079-8407 Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences 2009-2012 CIS Journal.All rights reserved. http//www. cisjournal. org A flexible IT infrastructure appears to be an increasingly desirable objective for companies in a rapidly changing environment (Avison et al. , 1997). By enabling an organization to exploit potential business opportunities quickly, such flexibility helps give an organization competitive advantage (Duncan, 1995). A key issue for an organization is the class of its IT platforms, network, and telecommunications, and this in turn raises q uestions concerning configuration, compatibility and integration rules, access standards, connectivity of systems, and excess apacity over the current requirements (Duncan, 1995, p. 42). These needs have led to a move towards distributed computing and normalization (or open systems) that give a high level of connectivity. One example of a company that has implemented such an infrastructure for purposes of improving BPR success is Sweden Post (Moreton and Chester, 1997). any process improvement, no matter whether IT is present or not. Therefore, future research should integrate some dimensions of organizational structure and leadership, mission, and romance as mediating factors. REFERENCES 1 Akhavan, P. , Jafari, M. & Ali-Ahmadi, A. R. (2006). Exploring the interdependency between reengineering and information technology by developing a conceptual model. Business Process Management Journal, 12(4), 517. Retrieved celestial latitude 12, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. 2 Albadvi, A. , Keramati, A. , & Razmi, J. (2007). Assessing the impact of information technology on firm performance considering the role of intervening variables organizational infrastructures and business processes reengineering. International Journal of Production Research, 45(12), 2697-2734. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from Business Source Premier database. 3 Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M. (2000b). Creating a fit between BPR and IT infrastructure a 4 proposed framework for effective implementation. International Journal of Flexible 5 Manufacturing Systems. 12 (4). 253-74. 6 Avison, D. E. , Jones, J. , Powell, P. and Wilson, D. (2004). Using and validating the strategic 7 alignment model. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 13. 223-46. 8 Avison, D. E. , Eardley, W. A. and Powell, P. (1997) Developing information systems to support 9 flexible strategy, Organisational Computing. 7 (1). 57-77. 10 Chan, S. L. (2000).Information technology on business processes, Business Process Management Jo urnal. 6 (3). 224-37. 11 Davenport, T. (1995). The fad that forgot people. Fast Company. available at www. fastcompany. com/online/01/reengin. html (accessed July 2006). 12 Davenport, T. (1993). Process innovation Reengineering work through information technology. Boston Ernst & Young. 13 Davenport, T. , & Short, J. (1990). The New Industrial Engineering Information Technology and Business Process Redesign. Sloan Management Review. 31(4), 11-27. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. 14 Dedhia, N. (2005). Six sigma basics.Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper demonstrates the significance of IT in BPR and their interdependency that then impact business performance that is defined in four important dimensions market share, customer relationship management, IT impact, and efficiency (as multifaceted such as lowering the cost, lowering the process variability, and lead time). This study expanded and further explored the frame w ork developed by Alan Eardley et al,( 2008) by collecting data from 150 small-to-medium sized companies in both manufacturing and service sectors through the Midwest.They showed the different roles of IT in providing effective support for different types of BPR, and indicated that aiming for a type of BPR that is not congenial with the present role of an IT infrastructure will reduce the probability of success for a BPR project. If this is ignored, a BPR effort will either fail or will not produce the level of results that are often expected from BPR projects ( Alan Eardley et al, 2008). Organizations adapting high technology alone or BPR alone cannot achieve the same result and business performance as the organization that benefits from interdependency between IT and BPR.

Four Phases of Business Cycle Essay

Business Cycle (or Trade Cycle) is divided into the pursuit quaternity phases - prosperity phase expansion or Boom or Upswing of economy. Recession variety from prosperity to recession (upper turning point). Depression Phase Contraction or Downswing of economy.Recovery Phase from depression to prosperity (lower turning Point).Diagram of Four Phases of Business CycleThe four phases of line of merchandise cycles be shown in the following diagram -The work cycle juts from a trough (lower point) and passes through a recovery phase followed by a period of expansion (upper turning point) and prosperity. After the peak point is reached at that place is a declining phase of recession followed by a depression. Again the art cycle continues similarly with ups and downs.Explanation of Four Phases of Business CycleThe four phases of a business cycle argon briefly explained as follows -1. Prosperity PhaseWhen on that point is an expansion of output, income, employment, prices an d profits, there is also a try out in the bill of living. This period is termed as Prosperity phase. The features of prosperity are - gamy aim of output and trade.High level of effective demand.High level of income and employment.Rising interest rates.Inflation.Large expansion of bank credit. general business optimism.A high level of MEC (Marginal efficiency of capital) and coronation. Due to upright employment of resources, the level of production is Maximum and there is a hop on in GNP (Gross National Product). Due to a high level ofeconomic bodily process, it causes a bear witness in prices and profits. at that place is an upswing in the economic activity and economy reaches its Peak. This is also called as a Boom Period.2. Recession PhaseThe turning point from prosperity to depression is termed as Recession Phase. During a recession period, the economic activities slow down. When demand starts occuring, the overproduction and future investment plans are also given up. There is a steady lour in the output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen lose dominance and become pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The banks and the mountain try to get greater liquidity, so credit also contracts. Expansion of business stops, stock market falls. Orders are cancelled and people start losing their jobs. The increase in unemployment causes a sharp decline in income and sum total demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period.3. Depression PhaseWhen there is a continuous decrease of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is a fall in the standard of living and depression sets in. The features of depression are -Fall in tawdriness of output and trade.Fall in income and rise in unemployment.Decline in consumption and demand.Fall in interest rate.Deflation.Contraction of bank credit.boilersuit business pessimism.Fall in MEC (Marginal efficiency of capital) and investment. In depression, there is under-utilizati on of resources and fall in GNP (Gross NationalProduct). The aggregate economic activity is at the lowest, causing a decline in prices and profits until the economy reaches its cashbox (low point).4. Recovery PhaseThe turning point from depression to expansion is termed as Recovery orRevival Phase. During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic activities. When demand starts rising, production increases and this causes an increase in investment. There is a steady rise in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen gain confidence and become optimistic (Positive). This increases investments.The stimulation of investment brings about the revival or recovery of the economy. The banks expand credit, business expansion takes place and stock markets are activated. There is an increase in employment, production, income and aggregate demand, prices and profits start rising, and business expands. Revival slowly emerges into prosperity , and the business cycle is repeated. Thus we see that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is inflation and during the contraction or depression phase, there is a deflation.