Portfolio Assessment Essay -- essays papers

Portfolio Assessment Perhaps the most prominent form of preference assessment in use today is the student portfolio. A portfolio can be described as a purposeful collection of student work that exhibits the students efforts, make, and achievements in one or more atomic number 18as of the curriculum. Key elements of the portfolio allow in evidence of students choosing the contents of their own portfolio, specific criteria for the selection and assessment of student work, and clear evidence that the student has reflected on his or her work (Chriest & Maher, n.d.). Portfolios have been turn up an effective means of student assessment in many areas of schooling, from preschool all the way through post-graduate work. Portfolio assessment has also been rendered effective in many fear settings to determine the value of an employee. The advantages of portfolio assessment are many. Foremost, portfolios, when compared to written testing, provide teachers with a more complete pictu re of a students progress. Portfolios exhibit a students ability to problem solve and to reflect on the work that he has done. They also give students the opportunity to tangibly track their progress in a class. When implemented, portfolios can also encourage a school system to work towards a more cooperative evaluation environment (Curry, 2000). This indicates that the portfolios are not only tools for teachers to assess a students progress, but also for administrators to monitor a teachers classroom management. Disadvantages of portfolio assessment also exist in many studies, students found that keeping a portfolio contributed little to their self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses and, in some cases, that it even reinforced weakn... ...sment/alt_assessment.html This webpage lists other websites useful in alternative assessment. Resources are grouped by online location and subject. UniServe Science. (2004). Alternative strategies for science teaching and assessment. Re trieved March 7, 2004 from http//science.uniserve.edu.au/school/support/strategy.html This is an excellent resource that lists and explains not only inventive alternatives to written testing but also ways to reach every student with every style of learning. Strategies outlined include virtual field trips, collaborative work, and debates. Worcester, T. (n.d.). Electronic portfolios. Retrieved April 14, 2004 from http//www.essdack.org/port/index.html This site contains information on electronic portfolios. Specifically, it includes reasons for considering, how to create, and assessment of electronic portfolios.

helmet :: essays research papers fc

Safety in the headJohn, being around for your succeeding(a) birthday would be great, so you need to use this helmet, it will save me many days of grief. Please wear this helmet when you ride your motorcycle. Having you come home to the nearness is a better feeling then you going home to a grave. This helmet will protect your head from hard hits that you will encounter when you fall slay your motorcycle. Wearing a helmet will save you from getting a mangled face.Since you feel that you are too cool to wear a helmet, let me offer you that having an attitude like that is not smart. When you wear this helmet it offers you protection from head injuries that occur when you fall. The pictures that are in the medical files show causes of death, involving motorcycle related crashes. The pictures are not too cool to look at. The pictures show dead bodies with faces and body parts that confine been grounded down to the bone so much that they are not fitting to be recognized. I do not want you to be part of those pictures. John, you must wear this helmet when you ride. Another advantage to wearing your helmet is the face shield, the shield protects your eye and face from flying rocks and other debris. Not to mention all the bugs that will hit your face and get in your eyes. John, according to the morning sun, the number of battalion killed in traffic accidents increased slightly last course partly due to yet another jump in fatal motorcycle accidents. national estimates released last week show that after many years of decline, motorcycle deaths steadily increased from 97-01, and have grown 27% in the four-year period. Last year there were 2680 motorcycle deaths. According to the national highway safety administration, that is 208 more than in 1999, enough to offset the 188 additional traffic deaths. About one-half were caused because race were not wearing helmets or sufficient gear.John, these numbers do not lie. This pole shows 1440 deaths that could have been s aved if those people took proper precaution and equipped themselves with a helmets or sufficient gear. Since we all care for you, please do not become one of these numbers this year. Please wear your new helmet. People that have to go threw a death in the family of a loved one is so hard.

Simon Armitageremains Poetry :: Slavery Judgement Poems Branding Essays

Simon Armitageremains PoetryIn this poem the person talks close to I am very bothered when I thinkof the elusive things I have done in my life. He talks about all the badthings he has done in his life with he straight regrets. This is alsosimilar to poem they both share the same theme of looking back. Hetalks about when he likes a peculiar(a) girls a lot. So he held thescissors by the blades and played the handles by the naked lilacflame of the Bunsen burner. Then he called her over and handed themto the girl. The heat of it branded her skin. He indeed shows regrettowards the end dont believe me if I say. That was just myButterfingered way at xiii of asking if you would marry me. Thepoem uses very childlike lyric poem of such(prenominal) as butterfingerd toreflect the childlike qualities and immaturity of the persona. . Instanza two the persona uses a metaphor for marriages the unrivalledstench of branded skin as you slipped your thumb and middle finger I,they couldnt shake of f the two burning ring. Marked the doctor saidfor eternity, this is saying that he was immature. He uses the wordeternity because it is a way to show ever lasting love.In slavery times branding was a form of marking of property and makingsure that that particular slave was marked there property. A very oldfashioned view of marriage is that women become the property of therehusbands many civilizations practiced this such as the Greeks andEgyptians. This is why the word branded is used.He even goes on to say Dont believe me, please if I say that wasjust my butterfingerd way at thirteen of asking If you would marryme.. He is saying that his immaturity stopped him from reacting tothe situation at hand in a more adult fashion and non hurting some onein the process.The poem is very much talking about love and fear of rejection. Thetheme of the poem is about puerility and regret. The persona is verymuch in love. The poem is written in a sonnet a traditional way ofstructuring a love poem. The poetic devices the persona uses is conveymeaning to me because the words are descriptive and have rhyme andrhythm. Also it occurs quite strongly, in the mid line.In stanza one it is about the persona introducing the theme of thepoem. The theme of the poem is on the subject of regret I am verybothered when I think of all the bad things I have done in my life

Pollution Essay examples -- essays research papers

Pollution has become a major issue over the years because it contaminates the Earths environs and affects human health. While some environmental pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions, most is caused by human activities. The improver of various types of pollution has made cancer pollutant more prevalent among the people, raising the risk of getting cancer. After being exposed to theses pollutants, the cause may be immediate or delayed. Some of the delayed effects, due to the vulnerability, can go un noniced for many years. A nonher major issue that pollution creates is the tremendous personify for preventing and cleaning it up. However, we can not regulate the pollutants to the extent where there are no more possible menaces. The most we can do is to minimize the effects of the potential risks, which we may encounter as a society. We can approach this matter by conducting different types of test from animal studies and epidemiological studies. To re gulate pollution, we premier(prenominal) withdraw to have an idea of what type of effects it leave alone have on the general population and then determine the acceptable amount of word-painting level. Since the specific risk here is that the individual will get cancer, after(prenominal) being exposed to a pollutant, possibly leading to their death, we have to consider a few factors such as age, sex, and their health status. Depending on how old the person is, if they are relatively young then he or she may not be affected by the pollutant because their immune system can probably fight off the pathogens. Gender can also make a difference, since males and females have different biological anatomies, thus the pollutant may be resistant to females but not the males or vice versa. Finally, the health status of a person also has to be considered. If a person is healthy and fit then maybe age might not matter and it will decrease their potential threat from the pollutant. After all o f these factors are taken into account we have to regulate the carcinogenic pollutant and determine an acceptable level of risk. To determine what the effects are after an individual has been exposed to this pollutant and gets cancer, we can perform animals or epidemiological studies. Even though the animal studies will not be deterministic since we are not using human subjects to collect the data, it will give us an idea on how a... ... an acceptable exposure level again this can not be done without some degree of subjectivity. As a result, I believe that an appropriate exposure level to cancer, due to this pollutant, should be one in a million. This is acceptable because every one person out of a million that is affected by this pollutant can get treated and cared for. By setting it at this level I think that there it would eliminate the shortage problems at hospital or at any care centers when providing treatments to the infected people. Thus, everyone who gets cancer from this pollutant will have the opportunity to take care of themselves and not have to worry about the lack of resources. Everyone takes risk in particularly in every amour they do. The best thing to do is minimize the effects of the risks as much as possible. The cancer causing pollutant in this case can be regulated by using some type of preventive measures. Without being oblivious about the moral issues, we have to set certain risks and exposure level of the pollutant. I set my risks and exposure level after determining several issues and came to conclusion after what I thought was the most optimal conditions.

Ezra Pounds In a Station of the Metro :: Ezra Pound Station of the Metro Essays

Ezra Pounds In a Station of the Metro Before this week, I had never read any poesy by Ezra Pound. I noticed immediately that many of the metrical compositions atomic number 18 very short. In a Station of the Metro, for example, is two lines. In the essay Imagism, the second direct of imagistes is verbalise to be to use absolutely no word that did not contribute to the presentation. I think this swayer helps explain why some of Pounds poems are so short. Obeying the second rule of imagistes will be harder the longer the poem is. This rule, however, does not seem to me a rule of imagistes alone, but of most poets from all eras. I dont think many poets could be found who would say that they try to use superfluous words. Just because a poem is longer than a few lines doesnt look upon the poet is being long-winded. I think the vast majority of poets would say that they only use necessary words in their poetry. Of course it could also be said that words that seem superfluous do actu ally contribute to the presentation. I have a hard time with letting Pound claim this rule as one of the imagistes only. Besides its length, In a Station of the Metro was a poem I read with interest because it is on the syllabus as one of the poems to read carefully. I thought it strange that I was supposed to pay attention to this poem. Truly, it initially struck me as the kind of poem that I tried to write in elementary school. Not that I ever wrote anything interesting, but the shortness of the poem and the pairing of two very different images was beautiful much the basis of my poetry as a kid. I thought randomness made poems deep. The title of this poem is very important as it places the reader in the metro station. While titles of poems and books are always important, this poem would be quite lost without its title. The title lets us know that the apparition of these faces in the labour takes place in the metro station, not the stadium or the shopping mall or any other c rowded place. By placing the reader with the title, the poem lets the reader know that the first image of the poem, the faces in the crowd, is something that belongs to the location of the speaker.

Essay --

TASK 1 P7INTRODUCTIONI have to describe the health & Safety and Welfare associated with each of the different types of building surveys. This should include the use of appropriate PPE. Completion of measured surveysMeasured surveys involve taking measurements of sites or buildings in order to produce accurate data represented at a reduced scale. They are usually specified to an agreed level of detail, to acceptable trueness tolerances, scale, delivery times and costs. Each elevation would be sketched free-hand, dimensions are taken for later reproducing. This can be done manually or with CAD. This process involves just visiting the proposed property and then drawing a free hand outline and all elevations, dimensions and heights are taken whether by manually or digitally. Condition Survey A condition survey looks at all parts of a building to assess the condition and state of repair and externalise for immediate and future works. This involves many aspects to be looked and noted do wn which are flavour at the average of people living in each house, looking at which type of house it is, how many have central heating, how many have kitchen, which type of fuel is used to heat each house, the age of lodgment stock, the costs of repair per unit, what the average fitness standard of each house, the health and safety of the houses and what the energy efficiency ratings are. Overall this survey looks at the condition of a building and this can be noted down or organized with photographical evidence and the date (if time) is recorded when taking each photo. This is not like a detailed report neither does it involve any morphological nor investigation works. Dilapidation surveyA dilapidation survey which is also called a structural surve... ...lure to complete the work. Similarly, if the surveyor is not paid for doing work, then they in turn can take a invitee to court for the debt due. This is called getting sued for damages. Reports must be write with care to av oid getting sued. Indemnity Insurance This is to protect Surveyors against legal proceedings for damages of omission or negligence. Often to be paid for the sprightliness of the Surveyor. Nowadays anyone who gives advice or who provides a professional service should consider investing in adequate personal cover. It covers you against compensation sought by a client if they claim you have made a mistake or have been negligent in your professional service.Bankrupt If the client or surveyor goes bankrupt, then an formalized receiver would undertake the winding up of the company and establish the liability of the debtors and sums to be paid to creditors.

Essay --

TASK 1 P7INTRODUCTIONI have to describe the Health & Safety and Welfare associated with each of the different types of building surveys. This should include the use of appropriate PPE. Completion of measured surveysMeasured surveys entail taking measurements of sites or buildings in order to produce accurate information represented at a reduced scale. They are usually specified to an agreed level of detail, to acceptable accuracy tolerances, scale, delivery times and costs. Each peak would be sketched free-hand, dimensions are taken for later reproducing. This can be done manually or with CAD. This process involves simply visiting the proposed property and therefore sketch a free hand outline and all elevations, dimensions and heights are taken whether by manually or digitally. Condition Survey A see survey looks at all parts of a building to assess the condition and state of repair and plan for immediate and future works. This involves legion(predicate) aspects to be looked and observe down which are looking at the average of people living in each house, looking at which type of house it is, how many have central heating, how many have kitchen, which type of fuel is used to heat each house, the age of housing stock, the costs of repair per unit, what the average seaworthiness standard of each house, the health and safety of the houses and what the energy efficiency ratings are. Overall this survey looks at the condition of a building and this can be noted down or organized with photographical evidence and the date (if time) is recorded when taking each photo. This is not like a detailed report neither does it involve any structural nor investigation works. Dilapidation surveyA dilapidation survey which is also called a structural surve... ...lure to complete the work. Similarly, if the surveyor is not paid for doing work, then they in turn can take a client to court for the debt due. This is called getting sued for damages. Reports must be written wi th care to avoid getting sued. gift Insurance This is to protect Surveyors against legal proceedings for damages of omission or negligence. Often to be paid for the life of the Surveyor. Nowadays anyone who gives advice or who provides a overlord service should consider investing in adequate personal cover. It covers you against compensation sought by a client if they claim you have made a mistake or have been negligent in your professional service.Bankrupt If the client or surveyor goes bankrupt, then an official receiver would undertake the winding up of the company and establish the liability of the debtors and sums to be paid to creditors.

“A Modest Proposal” Essay Essay

Word choice gives Swift artillery to create satire in A Modest proposal.In A Modest Proposal, Swift uses several different al-Qurans to create satire, one of which is the word breeders. He uses the term breeders in annexe to the women. In several paragraphs he talks about these breeders and their role. I calculate there may be about 200,000 couples whose wives argon breeders(Swift 2) The way that he refers to the women as breeders instead of mothers, wives or women creates satire. Instead of talking about them he talks about what they do. Or what they are supposed to do. This makes good artillery because referring to the women as breeders gives them a significant role and satire is created because instead of being kn witness as women and mothers they are now breeders.In beginning his proposal Swift uses the word project before he gets into too much detail about what he has in mind. This word is an excellent word to use to start off. As to my own part, having turned my thoughts fo r many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several organisations of our projectors(Swift 1) Scheme meaning A systematic scheme of action very well describes the plan that is later laid out by swift to solve the issues he talks about. There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme.(Swift 1) He immediately explains how his scheme will prevent voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children.(Swift 1,2)Its ironic how he says that then a scant(p) bit further down he says I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or broiled.(Swift 2) Its pure satire to not abort the child so that they can be eaten at the age of one, dont murder them before theyre born, wait a year. The word scheme makes excellent artillery as it is used to signify that the plan that Swift has is a clever plan and wasnt just thought up over night.He also uses the word advantage throughout the text. There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme.(Swift 1) Many other advantages might be enumerated.(Swift 3) The word disadvantage cannot be found. Thereforeeveryone has something to gain from the proposal and nothing will be lost. The word advantage is definite artillery, especially if youre one of the wealthy people. They have nothing to loose and Swifts Proposal would benefit them entirely. It also creates satire as for those who are not wealthy there is not an advantage except for only having to live in poverty for a shorter period of time, being able to present to society and for the general public, less beggars and homeless on the streets. Therefore the streets are cleaner, less hectic, not as crowded and just plain better.Works CitedSwift, Jonathon A Modest Proposal 75 Reading plue ed. Santi V. Buscemi, Charlotte Smith.McGraw-Hill. USA, 2000.www.d ictionary.com

John Proctor Tragic Hero Essay

In society today, around people can be themselves. Most do non feel the need to hide who they truly argon anymore while some bland can only half express themselves because they are humbled of the idea which each of them represents (186). I feel as if there is still too little strain on self-reliance and individualism in the States today, because some are still ashamed of themselves and rely on others too much. As the years pass, fewer people discriminate, but there are still many that still do, causing others to half express themselves (186).Gays and lesbians are afraid to come out of the closet because they were told that it wasnt right to be any smoothg but straight. society made them feel ashamed of themselves. They might give off hints and their friends might be able to tell, but they would never actually come out. If individualism was upset more, gays or lesbians would no longer need to hide who they truly are. Even worse, proposition 8 restricts the definition of marriag e to opposite-sex couples only.They would be accepted, but as of now, they are not because there is not enough emphasis on individualism. No kernel of nourishing corn will just appear out of thin air only through their toil bestowed will something of that sort happen (185). People cant expect to receive something when they didnt work for it. For example, roofless people depend on other peoples sympathy and donations to survive. Rather than getting off their butts and finding a job, they sit around time lag for help to come to them.If self-reliance was strained some more, maybe wed have less homeless people standing in corners begging for bills in the world. Theyd be out looking for jobs, but in the meantime, there are homeless shelters and soup kitchens to help them, until they can get rachis on their feet because there is not enough emphasis on self-reliance. If Emerson were still alive today, he would be disappointed, but he would feel as if he got most of his message through. Even though some are still a little uncomfortable with whom they are and too dependent on others, most people arent afraid to show off their individuality or depend on themselves. In society today, there is not enough emphasis on self-reliance and individualism because people still depend on others for help and are afraid to show their true colors. If life was based on Emersons ideas, the world would be full of hardworking citizens and discrimination would not exist.

World War II: What Made Allied Victory Possible

The Second land warfare was the most important event in the 20th century. It changed the course of history when the destruction caused by the conflict resulted in changing the power structure in Europe. At the determination of the war the economies of Ger m whatever an(prenominal), Japan, France, and the linked Kingdom was threatened due to war reparations and the cost of human lives. however the united States who waged war from a distance came out of the war as the new global superpower. But in the first both years of the indorsement global conflict there was no indication that Axis Powers will lose the war.It was only after Germany engaged the enemy on two fronts and when the united States joined the fray that the Allied Powers were up to(p) to gather enough specialization to pommel Nazi Germany, imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Background It is impossible to understand World war II without going back a few decades and study the First World War. This is because the first and second global conflict had one communal denominator Germany as the main player and main loser for both events. In World War I Germany was in the center of the conflict as it attempt to honor an alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire.The heir to the Astro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated by someone who had links to the Serbian government. Thus the Hapsburg Empire was forced to issue an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbian government in turn had pride and honor at stake and this prevented them from acceding to their demands. Russia was sympathetic to Serbia and promised to assist her if Germany will reserve the Hapsburg government. The only problem here is that Russia was allied to France and Britain. The double Entente composed of Britain, France and Russia was bound by an accord that the triumvirate subscribe in 1907 (Neiberg, 2005).On the other hand, the opposing team, the Central Powers composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria were bound by their declare treaties and alliances as well (Neiberg, 2005). And so begins the chain reaction of events that would escalate the conflict in Europe. To make the long story short the Central Powers were defeated by the Triple Entente. It is interesting to none that after the First World War Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary Empire and Turkey were reduced to almost nonhing. Germany suffered the same fate, humiliated and without the capability to draw near up again as an empire.All of that began to change two decades later when an ambitious young leader by the name of Adolph Hitler he was a somatic in World War I was able to inspire the German people that they can repossessed what was taken from them. In the 1930s Hitler with his charisma and visionary leading was able to create a Nazi disassembley that would soon threaten the whole beingness. Nazi Germanys Early Success There are many reasons why Nazi Germany was militarily successful in the first two years of the war. First of all, Hitl ers Nazi party, the engine that runs the war campaign had the apply of the German people.According to Fulbrook, For much of the 1930s, they experienced a certain congruence of aims with the Nazis, in the areas of economic regeneration under authoritarian, anti-union auspices, and rearmament and revision of the hated Treaty of Versailles (1991). out from the popularity of the Nazi party, German forces were successful in war because of Hitlers visionary leadership as well as his decisiveness when it comes to enforicing Nazi contrasted indemnity. Hitler was able to communicate so clearly how Germany would rise again and take back what belongs to them.He was able to show the German people that if they will do it in effect(p) this time, then never again will outsiders ridicule them. His vision will be realized if the German people will support his foreign policy program. As mentioned earlier this will entail the revising of the Treaty of Versailles an armistice with the victors of World War I that proved to be disastrous for Germany. Secondly, Hitlers foreign policy requires the incorporation of Austria and transforming Czechoslovakia and Poland into satellite states then confronting France and then Russia before going after world domination (Fulbrook, 1991).This foreign policy program may consider been a byproduct of the Fuhrers false sense of superiority but one has to admit that it inspired the German people. For those who doubt they only need to limited review war films and pictures that show enthusiastic German soldiers eager to lay their lives for Hitlers dream of a Third Reich. War Weary Europe The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1918. In 1938 Hitlers army marched triumphantly into Austria without firing a single shot it was a bloodless invasion. In 1938 Europe was only two decades removed from the bloodiest European conflict in recent history.The Europeans could still feel the impact of the First World War where millions of young men died from se nseless violence. right away here comes Hitler, with an army determined to fight old enemies once again in the blood drenched battlefields of Europe. It was clear that France and Britain are not interested for a repeat performance. It was clear for Hitler and his cohorts that Britain is their number one problem. But Britain was not the same empire that terrorized many in the 18th and 19th century. In the 1930s it was a shell of its former self.It had to go through with(predicate) a bloody war with its the Statesn colonies and in 1914 to 1918 participated in the first global war. Britain was war weary as the rest of Europe. Aside form that the British had to deal with a lot of problems as a result of having many colonies around the world (Rock, 2000). Hitler apparently silent that Britain will not stand in his way and so Hitler began to move his troops to continue his conquest and next stop was Czechoslovakia. This prompted action from the Britain but they did not wish to fight Ge rmany, only to negotiate.The then British Prime Minister Chamberlain tried to diffuse the situation by offering appeasement to Germany. At the end of the Munich Conference in 1938, there were certain borders of Czechoslovakia that was ceded to Nazi Germany (Fulbrook, 2005). Chamberlain declared that peace was achieved and war averted but he did not realize that Hitler was merely warming up. slight than a year later Hitler invaded what was left of Czechoslovakia and was met with little resistance. At this point Hitler has become a European bully but no one was loaded enough to stand against him.Leaders from France and Britain tried their best to be strategic and not use their emotions in making decisions. Meanwhile Hitler made another brilliant move when he secured a pact with Russia. By doing so Hitler will be assured that in the event of an escalation of conflict he will not have to fight a war in two fronts. Hitler began to make another major campaign, this time he wanted to ge t Poland. But Britain say no and then went further to assure the Polish government that Great Britain is ready to help her against foreign invaders.But by this time, Hitler had by now organise the impression that Britain was essentially weak and vacillating, and would not stand by its guarantee (Fulbrook, 2005). Less than a year after the Munich Conference Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939. In a lighting campaign (Blitzkrieg) German forces overwhelmed Poland in less than three weeks of rubbish (Fulbrook, 2005). Britain and France declared war on Germany. Hitlers Army Aside from Hitlers charisma, vision and decisive leadership, another important aspect of Nazi Germany is the presence of elite soldiers called the German SS or Schutzstaffeln.These were handpicked men that were groomed to become an elite fighting unit. The German SS would, spearhead some of the most polar battles of WWII while its men would shoulder some of the most difficult and daunting combat operations of the units in the German military (GermanWArMachine, 2007). In 1929 Hitler asked his most trusted aide, Heinrich Himmler to form an elite force that will safeguard the Nazi Party, a troop dependable in every circumstance (Stein, 1984). And that is what he got.After undergoing a process of difficult training and learning how to best serve under the Third Reich the German SS went through a baptism of fire. In June 30, 1934, in an event that will be known as the Night of the Long Knives SS troops crossed a point of no return and forever sealed their fate as the most frightening Special Forces under the command of the Fuhrer (Stein, 1984). In this fateful night Hitler ordered his bump troops to eliminate the core group of their arch-rival the SA (Sturmabteilungen).The bloody purging, where the German SS killed their former comrade-in-arms forever changed their image and their mindsets, now they are ready to conquer the world. Allied advantage There were at least cardinal major factors th at led to Allied Victory, first of all there was strong leadership among the Allied Forces secondly the United States of America, the emerging global superpower decided to participate after years of being an observer thirdly the Allied Forces ability to exploit resources, specifically dodo fuel and finally Allied Victory was made possible by Hitlers major blunder, sweet the enemy in two fronts.All four will be discussed in the following pages borrowing with the discussion of leadership that was well illustrated by the actions of Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, General marshal, and Gen. Eisenhower. Leadership The Second World War was not only about battlefields and mechanized war farthere. It was also a political stage where national leaders from both side of the fence were able to show their courage, brilliance, and strength of character. One of the most important leaders during the dark times of Nazi supremacy was Winston Churchill who made a defiant stand against Hitl er and his army.This was illustrated in the year 1941, in one of the darkest times in British history. The British government declared war on Germany and received a harsh reply the forces of the Third Reich go on to pound on Great Britain and weakened her considerably. Hitler and his cohorts were very much aware that the English people are going to be a major roadblock to world domination. Yet, Hitler was confident that the England would finally succumb to their circularize raid and Blitzkrieg. But Hitler underestimated the resolve of one man Winston Churchill.At the onset of World War II the U. S. government could not see the wisdom of meddling with the European conflict. America was so far removed from the European theater of war that it was contented to persevere on the sidelines. Still, America contributed to the Allied cause by sending in equipment and war materials to Britain. This neutral stance would have remained if only Japan did not break Pearl Harbor. But after the shocking flesh out in the said American military base, the United States could not simply wage war against the unnerving trio of Germany, Japan and Italy.The U. S. mainland needed the wisdom and strength of an able leader. They were fortunate to find these rare qualities in the person of Franklin D. Roosevelt. While Churchill and Roosevelt played a crucial role in bringing together alliance that would defeat Nazi Germany it would require another set of leaders to execute a plan for defeating Hitler in Europe. In this regard two outstanding military leaders needed to be mentioned in this section George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower. In 1942 the Americans are already part of the conflict.Its main job is to build an army, secure the shipping lines to get it overseas, establish and organization through which America can work with the British on a strategy to defeat Hitler (Ambrose, 1999). The United States was fortunate to have George Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower on board. Step hen Ambrose was able to succinctly describe the contribution of these great men and he wrote Marshalls strengths were in the higher levels of policy, organization, and strategy. In these areas Eisenhower followed, for he was an operator rather than a theoretician, the perfect man to take Marshalls concepts and translate them into practice.The unconditional Allied Command in Europe would never have come about had it not been for Marshalls thought, driving force, and persuasive powers, but it would not have worked had it not been for Eisenhower (Ambrose, 1999). All these men worked together to bring about Allied victory. The Free World will forever be indebted to Churchill for his defiant stand against Germany. If he raised the white flag of surrender in 1940 Hitler could have good gathered momentum and proceeded with his ultimate plan of world domination.Without Roosevelts wisdom of first helping the British and then following shortly to join the war the Allied Forces could not hav e mustered enough manpower and firepower to defeat the Axis Powers. And without the able leadership of Marshall and Eisenhower Allied Forces could not have assembled an army so large and so effective that it was able to bring Germany to its knees. American Participation Much has been said about the defiant stand of the British forces as well as the British people who had to endure the regular air raids of the German Luftwaffe.But Great Britain knew that the best that they could hope for was a stalemate. They had to get help from an outsider in order for them to break the deadlock and proceed to start a counter-attack. But in the beginning of the war it was clear that there is no other nation in Europe that could neutralize the brutal dexterity and rabid determination of the German army. The assistance that Britain desperately needed did not come from the European continent but form another land bus across the Atlantic. One of the gross tactical error of the Axis Powers was to give the go signal for Japan to bomb Pearl Harbor.With hindsight it will be low-cal to analyze that attacking and provoking America was a serious blunder that cost them the war. America was content to stay behind the scenes and did not make any commitment to lend a major part of their industries to help the Allied Forces. But all of this changed when Pearl Harbor was decimated by Japans Imperial forces. The subsequent declaration of America that it has joined the war signaled a crucial turning point in World War II. Resources One of the most crucial factors that gave victory to the Allies was there capability to exploit and control fossil fuel.According to Williamson Murray access to petroleum products was an important aspect of the war considering that Germany and Japan were already dependent on foreign oil before they went to war (Murray, 2001). This probably explains why Hitler planned on scoring a quick victory. It was apparent that Hitler could not afford to engage in a long-drawn -out war. But as the war progressed the participation of the United States proved to be very crucial because America produced two-thirds of the worlds petroleum (Murray, 2001).When Germany and Japan could not access fossil fuel their operations was critically affected. Germany Divided Leadership was an important factor in pleasing the war for the Allies. But the Axis Powers had great leaders too so it can easily neutralize the Allied Forces in the leadership department. The entry of the United States in World War II was also a factor why Germany lost in the war but America was too far away from Europe and it would require a massive logistical effort before it can begin developing and sending soldiers into Europe. Germany still had time to curry for the incoming Americans.Resources was also a crucial factor in the war but if Hitler can continually use Blitzkrieg, his lightning fast rule of deploying troops and engaging the enemy, the war could be over even without draining resourc es form Germany. In the initial phase of World War II this was the case European nations easily gave up their freedom when held at gunpoint by German forces. Therefore it can be argued that the single most crucial factor that led to the death of Nazi Germany was its decision to disregard the pact made earlier between Russia and then proceeded to attack the Soviet Union.At this point Hitler was so full of himself so he decided that in the summer of 1941 his army will attack Russia, thus affecting what he had previously been concerned to avoid war on two fronts (Fulbrook, 1991). By engaging Britain and Russia at once German forces were over-extended and ill-equipped (Fubrook, 1991). When the combined American and British forces came later Germany could no longer sustain its attack and slowly began to disintegrate. Conclusion The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were put in place to control Germany so that it will never duplicate what it has achieved in World War I.But this str ategy backfired when Adolph Hitler used the sentiments of the people against the said treaty. He promised them that he will revise the Treaty of Versailles if only the German people will support him in war. When Hitler secured the support of the people, he did not waste time and proceeded to use Blitzkrieg, a German term for lightning quick attacks on enemy territories. Through this method Hitler was able to expand German territory in less than two years, a considerable feat. Europe was tired of war.The recently concluded World War I was fresh in the memory of most people. This gave Hitler the confidence that nations would not resist and allow him to take what he wanted. But he overestimated his capabilities and the capability of Nazi Germany. When it engaged England, Russia, and America at the same time, German soldiers were spread thin and lacking military equipment. The protracted war was not part of Hitlers plans. When America came in to break the deadlock between Allied and Axi s forces Germany began to lose steam and in 1945 it finally raised the white flag.

An Analysis of Freud’s Critique of Religion Essay

In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud critique uses his method of psychoanalysis on devotion. By comparing the relationship between human and godliness to that of a child and his pargonnts Freud effectively demonstrates that piety is a product of the human mind. afterward exposing religion as a an illusion Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freuds assertion that religion is an illusion is correct because of its blatantly traceable evolution through the history of the human nicety and heading.The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards elegance. Freud argues that human civilization arose as a result of man graciouss needs to protect itself from nature. It was precisely because of these dangers with which nature threatens us that we came together and created civilization. (Freud 19) As a result of the need for organization and manpower to prepare defenses against nature, the instincts of men had to be controlled. He furthers this argument by s butt ending that two human traits, acedia and the unwilling nature of the masses to listen to reason are responsible for the necessity of the rule of law. Freud then describes the various methods of coercion that can be diligent by civilization to halt instinctual privation. The most burning(prenominal) of which he oral sexs out as being religion.The main reasons that Freud ranks religion as being/having been the most important alikel in civilization are its ability to explain the various inequities and inexplicable phenomena that afflict human civilization. Freud points out how ancient civilizations used religion to humanize nature. By making these natural terrors beings that could be dealt with just like men it altogetherowed people the chance to react to and have the illusion of influence on nature. He also illuminates with slight sarcasm how convenient religion is in its ability to rectify all the t rials and tribulations of life for us. Everything that happens in this world is an observation of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the best. (Freud 23)The existence of this divine creature who creates justice for us ensures that the masses will non stray from the laws and tenets of religionand society for fear of being judged by this entity. Religion is also valuable to civilization for its ability to explain finis. Thanks to religion, death became something other than simply the termination of a life. Death stopped being the end and was recasted into the role of a doorway to another existence. As though sharp that the continuation of life were not enough, religion furthers its own appeal by promising that the afterlife will be better than life on Earth. The afterlife itself also serves a function as well. A desire to gain entry into this afterlife will cause many of the masses to leave office their instincts.Another argument Freud makes is how religion is an attempt to fill in the gaps where civilization and the pursuit of life cannot make individuals happy. He says that, The urge to rectify the shortcomings of civilization which do themselves painfully felt is fulfilled by religion. (Freud 27) This can be seen throughout modern society in many different forms. It is telling that quite often individuals who are extremely ill, paralyzed, poor, or otherwise frowned upon by civilization and culture tend to be more religious.Later Freud turns his argument to the legal historical proof surrounding religions. Using an analogy of a child learning geography and simply accepting on opinion that the places he sees on a social function exist rather than going on a journey around the world, Freud attacks religious doctrines. He does this by pointing out that though the child takes on faith what he sees on the map, he could take a journey around the world and see for himself that these places indeed exist. He then applies this same manner of view to religious doctrines when he asks what these kind of claims these doctrines are founded on and why we should believe them? The answers he says are that they were believed by our ancestors and that it is forbidden to question them.Freud points out that it is the latter point which highlights societys own awareness of the insecurity of the claim it makes on behalf of its religious doctrines. (Freud 33) The own paranoia that religions have of even questioned shows how much they realize that their beliefs do not follow reason. As Freud shows us the early church service recognized this all too well when it instituted a doctrine that maintained that religious doctrinesdo attain under the microscope of reason. The most common religious document of all time, The Bible, holds a particular Proverb that further illustrates the paranoia or religion against reason. Trust in the nobleman with all y our heart and lean not on your own understanding. (Proverbs 35)Another important concept that Freud uses to critique religion can be found in his broad background in psychology. He alludes greatly the Oedipus complex in his dealings with God and the individual. According to Freud, humankind is similar to a child who needs to be protected and supported in his/her everyday life, thus he/she sees God as supportive, protective father. Freud gives his own theories far too much justice in this regard. One does not need to regard God as a father-figure to believe in him. There are many people who believe in God but do not accept God as a beneficent omnipotent being. However, we cannot say that Freud in his genius could not apply psychoanalysis to these other divinations of God and rectify them to individual situations.Freuds best argument in favor of religions existence as an illusion is when he describes the convenient nature of religion to particular times of civilization. Freud says tha t we know approximately at what periods and by what kind of men religious doctrines were created. He also argues that it is very telling how religion tells us almost exactly what we want to hear. We shall tell ourselves that it would be very sharp if there were a God who created the world and was a benevolent providence, and if there were a moral order in the universe and an afterlife but it is a very striking fact that all this is exactly as we are bound to wish it to be. (Freud 42)Freuds assertion that religions are in fact illusions created to shit men into reunouncing their instincts for the advancement of civilization is based entirely on generalizations about all religions. These generalizations, however, can be well supported when one looks back throughout history. Religion could easily be compared to a chameleon that changes its color to fit whatever the needs of civilization are to survive. It is ironic that religion can be traced throughout history as being so adaptable given the intransigent foundations of religion.Whether or not religions really are illusions as Freuds ultimate conclusion states, there is undoubtedly a clear link between religion and the evolution of civilization. A fantastic example of religion changing its color in order to better fit the evolution of civilization can be seen in the ancient Order of the Knights of the Temple tantalise or Knights Templar. The Knights Templar in the middle ages were created to be the shock troops for Europes holy war against the infidels. When this war was lost and the military arm of the knights were no longer needed, the organization was systematically eliminated. Its leaders were charged with heresy and killed and its wealth was confiscated, simply because the organizations purpose no longer coincide with church doctrine.Another great example of religious adaptability can be seen in the evolution of Christianity in Rome. As the old religions in Rome were in aggravate and material decadence had taken over, Christianity appeared over the horizon as one of the saving graces of the Roman empire. As the threat from barbarians grew in on the empires borders grew, so did Christianity place in Rome. It was eventually elevated to being the state religion under the empire Diocletian. Even Christianity would not be able to bear on Rome from the barbarian hordes. In their hour of defeat Romans were undoubtedly able to pray and ask for salvation from Christ. It is interesting that such a doctrine would rally shortly before a time of annihilation.Finally, it is important to note the role of religion in capitalism. Capitalism, as pointed out by Marx, is a vastly reproving system of economy for many people. While some would argue that it allows people the freedom make their own destinies, others would say that capitalism traps some in a cycle of poverty. Either way, those who are born poor are in a highly disadvantaged situation to those who are rich. That is, in this world. With religion and the afterlife, all are on an equal playing field. In fact, the poor even have quite an advantage. It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a chevy than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God (Matthew 1924). This type of thinking has been fundamental for the stability of capitalism throughout history. No core of earthly wealthcould ever compare to the golden paved streets of heaven and eternal bliss.Freuds critique of religion demonstrates the disturbing correlations between religion and civilization and shows us the true motives behind religions existence. Freud proves that religion was a product of the human necessity to protect itself from nature and the need that arose from there to stop our own instincts from destroying our creations. In conclusion, Freud disproved the claims of religious doctrines as being divinely originated, but he did not disprove God. His belief that it was time for civilization to grow up from religion whitethorn be correct bu t it will never happen. Religion is far too embedded in civilization to ever be removed by simply showing the educated its true purpose.Like life on this planet, religion has adapted to whatever environment our 8000 year old civilization has placed it. Even if everyone knew religion to be nothing but an illusion, that knowledge alone would not be enough to make that illusion disappear from the psyche of humanity. People would have to have a conscious desire to not believe in religion for it to be eliminated. This desire to discover the truth would be outweighed by the desire of a majority of humanity to rectify the inexplicable world of death and injustice to their own lives.

Martin Luther/ John Calvin Biography

Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben Germany. His go was Hans Luther, a miner married to Margarete Luther, Martins mother. Hans was mulish for Martin to study law and eventually become a lawyer. Martin attended grammar school and once he graduated fulfilled his fathers wishes by attending law school. He then proceeded to drop out of law school, the story goes he was in a bad storm and was afraid he was not going to survive, he dropped to his knees and said Help Saint Anna, I will become a monk . This story may or may not have happened exactly neertheless Martin did in fact become a monk.Luther fully dedicated himself to monastic life, devoting himself to fasting, long hours of prayer, and frequent confession. But during this time Luther was not happy, he mat he had lost touch with Christ and his religious values. He informed his superior Johann von Staupitz of this and in response Staupitz sent Luther to study theology in college. In 1512 he was awarded his Do ctor of Theology, and he then joined the senate of theological faculty at the University of Wittenberg. In 1516 Johann Tetzel, a friar who went to Germany to sell indulgences to raise m unityy for the build of St.Peters Basilica in Rome. A year later Luther wrote to his bishop to protest the sale of indulgences and other church practices he disagreed with, this became The Ninety-Five Theses the document Luther is most famous for. Luther never meant to portray the church, he merely viewed his arguments as scholarly objection, he just wanted to state his opinion on church practices. Whether he wanted to confront the church or not some of his theses did have a challenging tone, in one of them he suggests that the Pope use his own money sooner than taking money from the poor through indulgences.The famous story most Luther is when he took a hammer and nail, and posted his theses on the door, once again in that location is no proof to say he actually did this, it is simply another le gend. Two years later the Ninety-Five Theses was translated from Latin to German so the commonplace could read the document. Luthers Protestant views were condemned as heretical by Pope Leo X in the bull Exsurge Domine in 1520. Consequently Luther was summoned to either waive or reaffirm them at the Diet of Worms on 17 April 1521. When he appeared before the assembly, Johann von Eck, by then assistant to theArchbishop of Trier, acted as spokesman for Emperor Charles the Fifth. He presented Luther with a table filled with copies of his writings. Eck asked Luther if he chill out believed what these works taught. He requested time to think about his answer. He was granted an extension to think about his answer. When the counselor asked the same question to Luther the next day, the Luther apologized for the harsh tone of many of his writings, but said that he could not reject the majority of them or the teachings in them.Luther stated, Unless I am convinced by proofs from Scriptures or by plain and clear reasons and arguments, I can and will not retract, for it is neither safe nor rational to do anything against conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen. On May 25, the Emperor issued his Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw. Luther had powerful friends among the princes of Germany, one of whom was Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony. The prince arranged for Luther to be seized on his way from the Diet by a company of masked horsemen, who carried him to the castle of the Wartburg, where he was kept about a year.He grew a wide flaring beard took on the garb of a knight and assumed the pseudonym Jorg. During this period of forced sojourn in the world, Luther was still hard at work upon his translation of the Bible. During his translation, Luther would make forays into the nearby towns and markets to listen to people speak, so that he could put his translation of the Bible into the language of the people. gutter Calvin John Ca lvin was born on July 10, 1509 at Noyon, France. His father, Gerard Calvin was a church leader holding offices for the lordship of Noyon.Calvins mother was Jeanne le Franc, the daughter of an innkeeper. John Calvins father destined him from the start for a career as a priest, and paid for his education in the household of the noble family of Hangest de Montmor. In May 1521 he was appointive to a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyon. He lived with his uncle and attended as an out-student the College de la Marche. From the College de la Marche he moved to the College de Montaigu. John Calvin speedily outstripped all his competitors in grammatical studies, and by his skill as a student of philosophy, and debate.Although not yet ordained, Calvin preached several sermons to the people. After some time, Calvin changed his mind about becoming a priest. He had fallen out of favor with the cathedral chapter at Noyon. On the advice of his relative, Pierre Robert Olivetan, the first translato r of the Bible into French, Calvin began to study the Scriptures and to disagree with the Roman Catholic Church. Calvin agreed with his fathers suggestion to move from Paris to Orleans in March of 1528, and change his career to a study of law.Calvins promote in the study of law was quick, and he was soon and frequently called upon to lecture. Other studies, however, besides those of law occupied him while in this city, and moved by the humanist spirit of the age he eagerly developed his classical k this instantledge. From Orleans, Calvin went to Bourges in the autumn of 1529 to continue his studies. There, by his friend Wolmar, Calvin was taught Greek, and introduced to the study of the New Testament in the original language. The conversations of Wolmar may also have been of use to him in. is consideration of the doctrines of the Reformation, which were now beginning widely diffused through France. From this time forward he became very(prenominal) well known, and all who had acce pted the Reformed doctrines in France turned to him for instruction. Calvin moved to Basel, Switzerland, where he was welcomed by the band of scholars and theologians who had conspired to make that city the Athens of Switzerland. There Calvin now gave himself to the study of Hebrew. When Calvin was 28, he moved again, to Geneva.Switzerland, and he stayed in Geneva, with the exception of a brief trip, for the rest of his life. While staying in Strassburg in 1540, Calvin met and married Idelette de Bure, whom Calvin had converted from Anabaptism. In her Calvin imbed, to use his own words, the excellent companion of his life, a precious help to him amid his manifold labours and frequent infirmities. She died in 1549, to the great grief of her husband, who never ceased to mourn her loss. Their only when child Jacques, born on the 28th of July 1542, lived only a few days.In his later years, Calvin was afflicted with fever, asthma, and gout. On. the 6th of February, 1564 John Calvin pr eached his last sermon, having with great difficulty found breath enough to carry him through it. He was several times after this carried to church, but never again was able to take any disjoint in the service. On the 25th of April, 1564, Calvin made his will. He spent much time in prayer and died quietly, in the arms of his faithful friend Theodore Beza, on the evening of the 27th of May 1564.

Employee Rewards Essay

IntroductionThe purpose of this essay is to critically examine the handlees used by Scotia learnedness and give away if their retorts ar appropriate to those of the food market. The idea will begin by discussing the background of Scotia Learning and follow on to define reward management highlight the objective and constraints inwardly the reward scheme. We will then consider the legal framework and examine why there ar variations in behave and how descent evaluation can ensure equity and pallidity is maked. Finally we will discuss the concept of motivation and the implications of hand for act deep down the reward strategy. The declare ends with an analysis of the key issues of the topic. Scotia Learning is the case study for this essay and is one of a network of university-based study centres offering preparation for students wishing to study undergraduate and postgraduate periods for progression into university degree courses. The company has joint venture partne rships with top universities by means ofout the United Kingdom, Ireland and United States of America.Reward management is interested with the formulation and writ of execution of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the memorial tablet (Armstrong & Murlis, 2007, p3). Research by Redman & Wilkinson (2009) indicates that reward is an enormously complex issue and has to take account of three fundamental principles in determining systems and structures internal equity, immaterial equity and business strategy. In addition Thorpe & Homan (2000) state that the organisation should identify what objectives and behaviours the fabricatement system should have for caseful, labour market competitiveness and management skills whilst Perkins & White (2009) highlight the enormousness of legal regulations that can put constraints on organisations, for example minimum wage (legal), incorporated bargaining (trade unions), and the external labour markets.Scotia Learning does non recognise a trade union however it does recognise that collective bargaining has been influential in discussing and rigidting turn out arrangement due to internal and external rates of pay non being touch. Within the trade legislation pay has always been an area of controversy especially when one considers employees collective concerns (Brown et al., 2003). The introduction of The Equal Pay Act 1970 outlawing unequal pay for men and women having since evolved into equal pay for equal work and the Equal Pay (Amendment) Regulations 1983 after the UK joined the EU in 1973 (Perkins & White, 2009), now gives employees a certain degree of protection in their employment relationship.To strengthen current legislation The Equality Act 2010 was introduced highlighting human rights and discriminatory factors, such as equal pay, wake discrimination, race, disability and equality (religion, sexual orientation, and age) (Eq uality and Human Rights Commission, 2012). In response to this Scotia Learning are aware that they have a duty of care to all employees and abide by with the Equal Opportunities Policy by ensuring the relevant training is undertaken by managers and employees ensuring everyone realises the importance of and their responsibilities under this Policy. This is also promoted in all recruitment documents, ensuring that wording of subscriber line advertisements does not discriminate against any potential applicants.As part of this legislation, employers are legally required to ensure their pay structures are not discriminatory against men and women in terms of valuing work between them in their employment and in order to defend themselves against equal pay claims, organisations must be able to prove that the jobs within their grading system are valued according to the job rather than the gender of the person doing the job. Failure to adhere to these regulations can result in a tribunal c laim and if proven the organisation will have to pay all money accrued which can be back participationd six long time in England and five years in Scotland. In the case of (Birmingham City Council v Abdulla and others 2012 UKSC 47), the Supreme tourist court ruled that equal pay claims brought in the High Court more than six months after the end of the claimants employment, which would have been out of time in an employment tribunal, should not be struck out under fragment 2(3) of the Equal Pay Act 1970.The reasons for a claimants failure to bring a timely claim in a tribunal are not relevant in any way to the notion of convenience under section 2(3). (PLC Employment Law Weekly email). Within Scotia Learning pay and benefits are provided on the basis of objective criteria, free from discrimination taking into account the principle of equal pay for equivalent work or work of equal value. In addition we ensure transparency within the reward system is clear to all employees in that t hey understand how their pay is worked out and what is required from them to achieve this. Job profiles and person specifications for each new vacancy are drawn up in keeping with other jobs of a similar size and indebtedness which focus on the skills, experience and qualifications that are directly relevant to the job. Armstrong & Murlis (2007, p115) state that the payment system is important as it not only conveys a request to the employees what the organisational priorities are but also acts as a catalyst for wider organisational change a view reiterated by Armstrong (1996) in which he proposes that the foundations of reward management are to achieve the individual and organisational behaviour that a company needs if the business goals are to be met.Therefore the term employees are the key to enhanced organisational performance compels relevant with links to Kessler and Purcell (1994) where they emphasise that payment systems are tie in to recruitment, retention and motivatio n of staff and that the determination of pay is not only the interaction of market forces but also employers. It is also ac knowledge that variations in pay can occur for a variety of reasons and from a legal perspective it is important to understand why (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). Firstly the power scenario, in that if labour is scarce, employees will have more power and hence may be able to demand high pay, in contrast with an over-supply of labour employers have the power and hence may be able to hold pay at lower rates (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). Secondly, it has been acknowledged that the rate for the job should be the same for employees doing the same job but considering organisational performance is reliant on the employees political campaign, skills and competencies, it is not logical to assume that suit should be rewarded and pay should vary accordingly.A view shared by Redman & Wilkinson (2009, p161) who advocate that variable pay schemes (VPS) are said to hold out the herald towards the creation of internal labour market that is fairer in recognise people as it is only fair that rewards should have a direct link with effort. The argument with this theory is that risk adverse workers will be less willing to gamble on pay related performance than a set amount of pay. Thirdly, we should also take into consideration the external market rate of pay and uneven market pressures such as differing regional or occupational rates of pay as Kessler (2007, p167) states external equity is an organisational imperative as failure to respond the labour market changes will leave organisations at a disadvantage competitively. Scotia Learning responds to these challenges by regularly benchmarking and studying the market rate of pay within the educational sector. Data collected is beneficial in determining pay to ensure pay scales are in line with and competitive with similar jobs.For example, when recruiting education staff, the use of organisations such as SATE FL and other educational websites are particularly useful, for administration staff we would use S1jobs.com and jobseeker.gov.uk website and with management we would use agencies. However, although the aforesaid strategy is very useful, Scotia Learning is a relatively large organisation with Centres worldwide and other factors have to be taken into consideration, such as location and cost of living. In determining the value of jobs within our organisation, although we consider the external market pay rates, decisions concerning pay are done through a coherent wage and career structure internal to our organisation which ensures consistency and fairness in our reward systems. It has been reported that issues with this reward system have arisen within the banking sector resulting in Government intervention to deal with inequalities of pay setting at senior management/director level and low pay via the national minimum wage.This is not an area of concern for Scotia Learning as the annua l allowance increase is a % rate consistent throughout the organisation and our pay structure border involves a job evaluation a systematic process for establishing the relative worth of jobs within an organisation Redman & Wilkinson (2009, p141). In addition Scotia Learning is accredited to the British Council and British Accreditation Council and all HR policies and personnel files are mightily documented and filed. Our job evaluation comprises of an analytical (i.e., jobs are broken down into individual components) broad-band pay structure with a range of factors such as knowledge and skills, problem solving, decision making and then allocating points to them. It is interesting to note that look into by IRS (2007) showed that an average of 86% of organisations use this form of job evaluation. Within this broad-band pay structure we have 6 wide overlapping salary bands made up of management, HR, teaching staff, finance, student services and cleaning staff with a salary range for each bank of at least 75%.Progression up the bands will be by skills and qualifications, performance and competence enhanced through individual career development thus supplying the motivation for continuous learning. To support this, the annual performance review takes place, however it is not linked to pay or rewards and is based on the objectives of skills and competence which are linked to organisational performance. In terms of equity and fairness the rate of pay for full-time and part-time teaching staff is calculated on the same hourly rate therefore ensuring consistency and fairness within the system. It is interesting to note that research by Redman & Wilkinson (2009, p139) argues that by paying an hourly rate employers control over pace and performance is reliant on either direct supervision or the willingness of employees to engage with the delegate synonymous with the argument surrounding risk adverse workers.This point of view may be viable in organisations such as call centres where applied science enables the monitoring and regulating of work by measuring output and input and within the customer service industry where we have the secret shopper, but within the education sector autonomy is part of the job as is their professional code of ethics which includes commitment, motivation and discretionary behaviour which is contradictory to the argument by Thorpe & Homan (2000) who suggest that non-financial aspects are secondary and rarely given the same prominence in the design of payment systems. Managing rewards is largely about managing employee expectations linking to their psychological contract which is concerned with pay, performance and the development of skills (Armstrong & Murlis, 2007).The argument then becomes, if reactions to rewards depend on the psychological makeup, values and needs of individual, one cannot wholly rely on performance related pay schemes to enhance all employees performance as not everyone is motivated by money. Motivation only takes place if rewards are worthwhile to the individual and if the process is seen to be fair, therefore, it would require to be customised for every individual in the organisation (Armstrong & Murlis, 2007). For example, an employee nearing the end of their career may be more interested in job satisfaction (intrinsic reward), whereas a graduate beginning their career may be more interested in training and development (extrinsic reward).For that reason it can be argued that both intrinsic rewards such as respect, recognition, job satisfaction and responsibility are just as important as extrinsic rewards such as pay rises, bonuses, training and development opportunities and benefits such as annual holidays, company sick pay and company pension. This highlights the importance of implementing an equitable and fair reward strategy in that by incorporating financial and non-financial rewards is that they can be used as a tool to enhance employee motivation resulting in i mproved organisational performance. Finally the importance of management skills cannot be undermined as they are a fundamental element of human resource management. The management strategy within Scotia Learning is based on autonomy, communication and high levels of trust between management and employees. Evidence to support this is the turnover rate of staff with one employee resigning over the past two years and the annual absence levels within Scotia Learning for all staff inclusive stands at 0.1% of working hours, which is the lowest in the entire organisation.ConclusionThis objective of the report was to establish the processes that ensure equity and fairness in the reward systems. We have covered the legal aspects, strategies, market awareness, motivation, job evaluation and performance appraisal and it has become evident that Scotia Learning complies with all legal legislation, and displays equity and fairness within the reward systems. However there was an air of negativity surrounding performance and reward as within Scotia Learning the annual appraisal is not yet connected to pay for performance. It is possible that issues could arise if this was implemented, namely, it could seriously affect the dynamics of the top executive environment between a very closely-nit team of employees, managers and directors in that, how does the manager justify their decision in the event of a low reward without touch the equilibrium of the office environment and within a unionised organisation all trade unions argue against performance linked to pay.Schemes relating pay to performance, although generating a nasty amount of interest have very little in the way of conclusive evidence concerning their effects on performance (Redman & Wilkinson, (2009). This echoes Thompson (1992) findings in which he states, research fails to provide convincing evidence of a link between individual performance-related pay schemes and improvements in productivity. The evidence supports that other approaches should be considered in rewarding employees, for example a one-off bonus payment which would not affect the employees annual salary.ReferencesArmstrong, M. (1996) Employee Reward, capital of the United Kingdom Kogan Page/IPD Armstrong, M., and Murlis, H. (2007) Reward Management. 5thedn. London Hay Group Brown, W., Marginson, P., and Walsh, J. (2003) The management of pay as the influence of collective bargaining diminishes. In P.K. Edwards, Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, Oxford Blackwell IRS (2007) Job evaluation is thriving, survey finds Employment Review, 667 Kessler, I. (2007) Reward Choices strategy and equity. In Storey, J. HRM a critical text 3rd edition, London Thomson Learning Kessler, I., and Purcell, J. (1994) Performance Related Pay Objectives and application, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.2, No.3 Perkins, S. J., and White, G. (2009) Employee Reward Alternatives, consequences and contexts, 2nd edn. London Chartered Institute Of Personnel and Development, Redman, T., and Wilkinson, A. (2009) Contemporary Human Resource Management Text & Cases, 3rd edn. London Prentice Hall, Thompson, M. (1992) Pay for Performance The employers experience, Brighton, Institute of hands Studies Thorpe, R., and Homan, G (2000) Strategic Reward Systems, Harlow Financial Times Williams, S., and Adam-Smith, D. (2006) Contemporary Employment Relations A critical introduction, Oxford University Press Equality of Human Rights Commission, available from http//www.equalityhumanrights.com/human-rights/ date accessed 23/10/12 PLC Employment Law, available from employmentemail.practicallaw.com date accessed 26/10/12

Substitution and Income Effects of the Working Tax Credit on Labour Supply

fag essay Having considered the implications for the twin towers, we can now analyse the orders of the policy on labour egress by determining the substitution and income effects. Its clear that the effect of the pruneing tax credit on rick behaviour depends upon how much a sniper is currently working. To analyse these effects we testament only hold off at one type of undivided a lone parent in the labour force. This will simplify our analysis such that we can divide the diagram below into 3 sections and describe the effects separately. drawframe Figure 1 Diagram coering how the imposition of the WTC affects the individuals labour issue decision When the lone parent is either not working at all, or working less(prenominal) than 16 hours (Labelled A in the diagram), her current wage rate and wherefore income is unaffected by the WTC. This is just because they have not yet assembled any tax credit and therefore have no added incentives to work. However, if they work over1 6 hours, the programme will raise their overall take home wage as they receive a lump sum payment, shown by the first vertical blue line. at that placefore, at this low train of work, there is a very small, or 0, income effect, and a positive substitution effect, thus increasing the individuals labour supply. These effects are the alike as would be under an increase in the wage rate, shown diagrammatically in Figure 2. drawframe Figure 2 Diagram showing the effects of a wage increase The front man around the original indifference curve from A to C is the substitution effect this arises due the change in price of leisure relative to hours of work, retention utility as constant.As the wage rate has increased the opportunity cost of leisure opposed to work has risen. The substitution effect encourages the worker to return his hours of leisure. The movement from C to B donates the income effect illustrating the workers chemical reaction to an increase in real income. Overall, the substitution effect dominates the income effect and therefore increases labour supply from L1 to L2. There is also the possibility that the income effect may overpower the substitution effect resulting in a decrease in the supply of labour.However, this depends on the position of the indifference curves, hence the workers preferences for work and leisure. On the other hand, it is unlikely at this low wage rate for the worker to choose leisure over the opportunity to earn a higher wage. Section C of our WTC diagram shows the area at which an individual works more than 30 hours. The workers net income is now higher at this point, however the workers marginal wage is lower which is demonstrated by the gradient of the WTC line being shallower than gradient of the No WTC line.The Substitution and Income effects here are the same as would be with a decrease in wage. Both the Income and substitution effects work unitedly to reduce the amount of labour shown in Figure 3 drawframe Figure 3 Diagram showing the effects of a wage decrease The substitution effect is shown by the movement around the old indifference curve, from A to C. The income effect is shown by the movement from A to B. Although the substitution effect is stronger, both effects work together to reduce the hours of work from L1 to L3. Lastly, section B represents the area at which an individual works between 16 and 30 hours.Here, the effects of the WTC on labour supply are much more complex. Despite the gradient of the WTC line being the same as section C, this time there is the possibility of increasing work to above 30 hours and receiving the additional payment. This therefore results in lone parents bunching around the 16 and 30 hour marks in order to pull ahead the greatest benefit from the WTC payment. Some will therefore substitute leisure for work and work longer hours to gain the additional bonus at 30 hours, whilst others will choose to forgo work for leisure and be content with the benefit o f working over 16 hours.

Importance Of Primary Education For Childern Analysis Education Essay

unproblematic instruction is the basic and first right of either child.Its handiness and planning is non merely the duty of province scarcely p atomic number 18nts and families. uncomplicated instruction brings consciousness among the multitudes, opens avenues for chances all bit intimately self-advancement and betterment and reduces chronic and inter-generational poorness. As a first measure in the creative activity of existence assistance and merely society, cosmopolitan primary instruction is an absolute pre-requisite for sustainable development.Every individual chela that means misss every bit good as male childs should be able to block off climb class of primary instruction.In order to vie with the environing universe, kids ar prepared from re in ally early childhood. every bit early as four or five old ages, the kids grew up in the trust, where they seek advice somewhat how household sustenance, and how to interact with people in general pretence. But animation and the competition and the whole universe, life and excel in the upcoming one in ulterior life.General instruction in interact casefuls is indispensable to supply each of which is primary instruction for kids. Primary instruction is mandatory for pupils on life, where all the related subjects the basic knowledge and necessary, which may include numeration, word formation and apprehension of general moralss, norms and criterions of cognition somewhat.Primary instruction is normally started primarily, in some states, such as babys room categories in otherwise counties is the first measure the political boss babys room. All kids to instruction, the usage of this very petroleum and professional life around the universe, they have to cover with in ulterior life information.This is in all states, all of the plans and classs to take imperious position and kids with linguistic communication, art, scientific discipline, mathematics and other aspects of life, specially the basic co gnition of faith, introduced mandatory instruction.Primary instruction normally shutdowns at ten old ages old as 5th class pupils by their tests. Started within this period of clip, so that all pupils in the community to work as a course of study and how to cover with and obey the general apprehension in society. Other than this subject is the most of import facet is encourageary in these initial experiences to beef up vocational instruction in the former watercourse. soon enough basic instruction in hapless states like Pakistan is in crisis.67 % of kids ( aged between6-10 ) go to tame ( 72 % male and 62 % feminine )57 % literacy swan ( 69 % male and 45 % female )Thousands of new trained instructors are needed today to supply childern with a nice instruction in that location are so many grounds for kids to lose school, but poorness is the chief 1. Parents wad non give way school fees, uniforms and books sum.Most of communities may non hold adequate resources to run a school .In most of rural countries, schools are at long distances which make kids to avoid them and particularly it makes impossible for misss.The account for misss exclusion is nt simple. In antithetic cultural values boys get precedence when it comes to instruction. Girls are kept place to assist with child explosive charge and family running(a).They do non bask the same freedom of motion as male childs.It is of import for the Government of Pakistan to do excess attempt by running more plans and educational prioritized policies to accomplish Millennium Educational breeding Goals rear under the declaration signed in 2000.This subject is chosen to pull att block offing of every person to endeavor together for the development of simple instruction which can be guided by the analytical model provided in claiming the Millennium-Development-Goals.The survey will enable us to happen equal of various factors set uping the accomplishment of Millennium-Development-Goals for instruction. It besides includes plans and policies used to accomplish the spreads and achieve maximal achievement of ends. To reason, it will play up the blood lines associating to this issue and giving solutions to them.1.2 wideness of research rubricThe end of accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction is particularly of import because educational attainment has been noted as a cardinal facet to overall sparing growing ( Gupta et. al. , 2002 ) . To mensu point advancement towards this end, the United Nations has chosen three indexs of primary cosmopolitan instruction widely distributed Literacy, Universal Primary Enrollment and Universal Primary Education Completion. Additionally, the United Nations has called for Gender Parity, or the couple representation of males and females, in primary instruction as a portion of a sepa commit end meant to advance gender equality and empower adult females. As the deadline for finishing the MDGs has been set for 2015, developing states must(preno minal) set up the most efficient ways to accomplish these ends with the limited resources available.The primary aim of this subject is to retrospect the extent to which-and how-educational developments are reflected in national MDGs-based development schemes and policies in Pakistan, in order to place critical spreads and challenges, and to see what can be learned from these experiences to do betterments in accomplishing ends.The subject, hence, is intended for usage by development of educational governments, and specifically by policymakers, national military man rights establishments, civil society organisations, and United Nations financess, plans and bureaus working to incorporate educational rights into national and external attempts to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals ( MDGs ) .1.3 Brief reappraisal of position of instruction in Pakistan since its birthSince the birth of Pakistan, in last 63 old ages different comprehensive studyss and policies at national degre e on restructuring and betterment of instruction system were produced in different old ages 1959, 1972, 1979 and 1992. notwithstanding, the limited economic resources, hapless grasp of instruction precedences, unequal committedness, and improper execution of Torahs and deficiency of response from the people never allowed the coveted transmutation to take topographic point.In 1998, the so authorities, made an understanding to this basic duty, by denoting the policy on 27th March 1998. The National Education Policy 1998 was formulated to transform the Pakistani state into an educated, cultured, integrated, cohesive entity that can vie and stand up to future challenges. The two of the chief aims that were set under this policy were to universalise primary instruction for the kids, young person and grownups by the twelvemonth 2010 with non-formal attack and to achieve cosmopolitan literacy rate.In September 2000, at the United Nations HQ in reinvigorated York City, merely after two a nd half old ages of national instruction policy for Pakistan was devised, 189 states from across the universe signed the Millennium Declaration to accomplish minimal criterion of quality of life. Pakistan was besides one of them. octet Millennium-Development-Goals were agreed to accomplish the aims of the Declaration by 2015 and get down a new epoch of ease and equality. The first specific end set under MDGs was to cut down utmost poorness and hungriness, second was to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction, 3rd to advance gender equity and empower adult females, quaternary to cut down kid mortality, fifth to better maternal wellness, sixth to battle HIV/ support malaria and other diseases, seventh to guarantee environmental sustainability and eight to develop a planetary partnership for development.Primary educational development is the 2nd end to accomplish after eliminating hungriness and poorness.To put the universe on a new class of patterned advance, rich and hapless st ate, old and new, had signed a declaration. The human race had neer done much corporate attempt and possible to make good earlier in history.Declarations can be signed but merely as easy forgotten. In todays life of international political relations due to planetary economic and societal unstability, precedences change fast and committednesss are delayed. As a state, it is our duty to fall in together and to contend against this planetary war. It can be our genesis that eliminates illiteracy and make a universe for every adult male. It can be our coevals who can supply a way of success and bright hereafter for the following coevalss.Governments are soluble to the people they govern and it s those people, you and me, who have the ability to do certain they keep their committednesss. So removed the current rate of advancement for Millennium development ends to be fulfilled by 2015 is difficult.If we want to, we can do a difference by fall ining with each other to do our voice coun t. Our voter turnout counts and so does our voice. So Lashkar-e-Taiba s do our difference to the state today and do illiteracy history.These are the several grounds which hinder the accomplishment of MDGs for instruction will be focused but other of import variables will non be ignored. All these elements have been identified in this research paper and are given in item.Though Pakistan has run through a political convulsion every bit good as natural catastrophe like temblors of 2004-5 and inundations of 2009 has atrocious and atrocious after effectuate on the economic system every bit good as societal substructure of Pakistan. Yet we as a state should non give up and go on to our best to accomplish these MDGs.1.4 Importance of subject for Academic governmentsThe research paper has its graduated table and importance. It has a really broad draw and its graduated table of importance is besides huge. The subject has its importance globally as this job is non the job of one state but it is a planetary issue and has a planetary position. A people of work has been done in this respects but still there is a demand to kettle of fish indicate the jobs until no proper action is being taken.This research investigates the accomplishment for educational MDGs in Pakistan, placing the jobs, issues and hinderances in non accomplishing the coveted ends and proposing some recommendations to accomplish the targeted ends.This paper, hence, is intended for usage by development of educational governments, and specifically by policymakers, national human rights establishments, civil society organisations, and United Nations financess, plans and bureaus working to incorporate educational rights into national and international attempts to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals ( MDGs ) .Ministry of instruction has gained importance and is playing a really fruitful and ruling work in the society. Students and instructors are making research on such subjects it will assist the m understand good the job.1.5 fundamental DefinitionsThe definitions of of import nomenclatures or words are as followFootingsGlossary/Operational DefinitionEducationThe act or subprogram of educating the consequence of educating, as determined by the cognition accomplishment, or subject of character, acquired besides, the act or physical process of preparation by a prescribed or customary class of survey or subject.( www.brainyquote.com/words/ed/education158399.html )Primary instructionIt is most frequently referred to as simple instruction, which is normally composed of classs one through six. The chief intent of primary instruction is to give kids a strong foundation in the rudimentss of a general course of study, with an accent on reading and math.( www.ehow.com Education K-12 K-12 Basics )1.6 Study aimThis survey attempts to reexamine and test the state s specific policies, plans, bing commissariats and schemes which have been adopted to accomplish the millenary devel opment end to guarantee that by2015 every individual male child and miss will be able to finish full class of primary schooling. Furthermore, the survey besides suggests some recommendations and looks at the different factors that have an regard in accomplishment of these ends.To break the impact of the Net primary registration ratio ( % ) on literacy rate spread.To analyze the impact of the completion / endurance rate grade 1 to 5 ( % ) on literacy rate spread.To analyze the impact of the GPI ( Gender para index ) on literacy rate spread.To analyze the consequence of the prevalent outgo as % of gross domestic product on instruction on literacy rate spread.To analyze the impact of the Pupil-teacher ratio on literacy rate spread.To analyze the proposition that Poverty rate has significant/ unnoticeable impact on literacy rate spread.To analyze the impact of Non formal instruction ( deeni madrasas ) on literacy rate spread.To analyze the insignificant/significant impact of populat ion aged ( 0-14 ) ( % of entire ) on literacy rate spread.To analyze the proposition that primary instruction instructors ( % of females ) has a significant/insignificant impact on literacy rate spread.To analyze the impact of low weight babes on literacy rate spread.To analyze the impact of figure of primary schools on literacy rate spread.

Le Ly Hayslip: Between East and West

The westbound has endlessly been generally involveed as a negative force upon Asian cultures in the sense that the introduction of horse opera ways brings irrevocable changes that stains the purity Oriental cultures. On the other side of the fence, the West has always regarded the easternmost as a land of exotic people, stubbornly clinging to their old ways, refusing to change with the times. Indeed it is a thicket amid the immovable rock and the irresistible force, and people in the crossroads get caught and get missed in the maelstrom, with a few coming out unscathed.Le Ly Hayslips book When Heaven and terra firma Changed Places chronicles such a struggle. It is a poignant book that captures the rending of ones soul, when one is caught between the need to change and the desire to cling to the old and the familiar. The encroachment of the West first took place within the context of the Vietnam War, when the United States allied itself with South Vietnam against the commun ist jointure.More than a book about how state of war changes a feeling, the book is about how Le Ly Hayslip straddled the East and the West and how she managed to keep herself whole and survived. The book captures the heroical life of Le Ly Hayslip, from her childhood, to her life as a young woman escaping to the United States, to her return to her primeval land, some twenty years afterward. This paper seeks to take a look at Le Lys life at three important milestones and understand how the West has imposed itself upon her world and how it changed her life as well as those of the people she loved.The West first came into Le Lys life when she was still genuinely young. Perhaps in an uncanny prediction of her destiny, her village straddles the border between the conflicting South and North Vietnam. Their lives were uninterruptedly being pulled by soldiers from each side and their loyalties were constantly shifting and the people were under constant threat of delirium and threa t to their lives. Le Ly captures the simplicity of their life as well as the distraint they endured at the crossroads, Although the land remained fertile, farming was often interrupted and the whole village came close to destruction. (5)While the capture of the West is not so direct in this case, it can actually be seen in the civic war that is going on in her country. For a long time, Vietnam has been a colony of France, and it was only after World War did Vietnam finally gain its independence. However, the fledgling country soon fell under the dominate of communism through the influence of China, which in turn was being controlled by the Soviet Union. In low-cal of this, it might be said Western imperialism has been affecting Le Lys life from the day she was born. The desire of the Soviet Union to spread the communist ideology is the reason why South and North Vietnam be at war.When Le Ly was 14 years old, Le Ly and her friends worked as lookouts for North Vietcongs. The Sout h discovered what she was doing and she is arrested and tortured. When she is released from prison, the Vietcongs regard her with suspicion and sentence her to remainder, charging her with espionage. However, instead of killing her, the two soldiers tasked with carrying out her sentence raped Le Ly instead. It was at this juncture that Le Ly left hand her village to work in the town of Saigon. In Da Nang, she took on several jobs, working as a maid, a black-market vendor, and a prostitute.It was at this stage of her life that Le Ly met several Americans. Her bad experiences in the hands of the Vietcongs as well as the relatively beloved treatment she received from the Americans have changed Le Lys values and allegiances. This relatively pleasant encounter with the West has planted in Le Ly the desire to leave Vietnam and start a bracing life in the United States. She saw the West as a land of promise, where she can escape from all the violence and war in the East.She saw a chan ce when Ed, asks her hand in marriage, after which, they immediately left Vietnam with her son in tow. When Le Ly left for the United States, she longed to someday return to her home land, but she was overly unsure if she will ever have that chance. In the United States, she gets down to settling to a new life, resolved to leave the past behind. Of course that is easier said than done, and her love for her family and the longing to return to Vietnam never left Le Ly. This desire became stronger when Le Ly found prosperity and success in the United State.After so legion(predicate) years of living as an American, Le Ly returned to Vietnam. In all her years living in the United States, she managed to stay true to her eastern roots. The Buddhist ways that Le Lys father taught her served as the anchor of her identity, and she never gave up this part of her that she held sacred. Between the East and the West, Le Ly found a seaport in the love and respect that she had for the two countri es that she calls home.And that perhaps is the reason why Le Ly was able to cook up the conflict and rage that was tearing her soul apart. She soon comes to an understanding and by her own words Le Ly thus describes the freedom and wisdom in living a life of compassion,Vietnam already had too many people who were ready to die for their beliefs. What it needed was men and women brothers and sisters who refused to accept either death or death-dealing as a solution to their problems. If you keep compassion in your heart, I discovered, I discovered, you never long for death yourself. From my fathers death, I had finally learned how to live. (383)ReferencesHayslip, L. L. (1993). When Heaven and Earth Changed Places Tie-In Edi

Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene

Alzheimers disease, AD, is a distressing condition that involves the decline in cognition of the bear in mind which results to psychotic disorder, and affective and behavioral disturbances (Bloom 9). It is a progressive central nervous body disorder and the main cause of lunacy (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Alois Alzheimer in 1907 reported the baptismal font of a 51-year old capital of Kentucky woman who died in derangement (Bloom 9). He described the neuropathological condition of the woman with neurofibrillary tangles or NFTs and gritty brass instruments or NPs (Bloom10). NPs argon extracellular beta-amyloid peptide or A?Spherical deposits closely re new-fangledd to dendrites, reactive astrocytes, dystrophic axons, and activated microglia (Felician and Sandson 19). Thus, for some(prenominal) decades, collaborative efforts of experts from distinct scientific and medicinal endeavors were devoted for the neurological and pathophysiological characterization of this disease (Bloom 9 ). As such, the roles of 4 specified genes, as well as the mechanism of oxidative stress, tau, inflammation, hormonal changes, and inflammation on the ADs neurodegeneration require been the central theme of scientific studies conducted on this disease (Felician and Sandson 19).As experts continuously gained insights on the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, pharmacologic st ordergies ar concurrently devised for the development of appropriate drug treatment and interventions (Felician and Sandson 19). Molecular Mechanism Early and late onset ADs atomic number 18 fibres of familial AD which are hereditaryally heterogeneous. Familial AD is accounted for 10% of AD cases from 30-60 year old patients and ascribed to three types of genes which included APP, presenilin-1 or PSEN1 and presenilin-2 or PSEN2 (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1).Nonetheless, the mutations in these genes also cause A? -level increase A? is generated by proteolytic APP fragment that was also observed in the brains of A D patients (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). However, non all AD cases can be attributed to the three place genes. Genes are then the most of the essence(p) epitope of AD development (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). On the opposite hand, there is a great chance for khildren with parents having explanation of familial AD to inherit the genetic distinctions and develop either aboriginal-onset or late-onset AD (Jayadev et.al. 375). As well, AD development threat in the offspring is directly related to age the tendency of AD feature among children of parents with historical AD background increases as the children gain progress in their growth and development (Jayadev et. al. 375). The pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease, on cellular level, has been consistently observed. The pyramidal neurons are the type of cortical cells that are fundamentally deteriorated in AD pathogenesis resulting to the spread of NPs and NFTs in cortex areas (Felician and Sandson 20).Both NPs and NFTs are normally und ercoat in brain areas in the aging process but their concentrations and densities are peculiar in the case of AD (Felician and Sandson 20). Originally, NPs are found at the amygdala and concentrated in parietal association and order temporal cortex split (Felician and Sandson 20). In the maturity of AD, NPs can also be observed in hippocampus, in other structures of sagittal temporolimbic brain, and even in cortical and meningeal blood vessels (Felician and Sandson 20).Luckily, the areas for sensorimotor and visual are remained unaffected. Mean objet dart, in the beforehand(predicate) on grade of AD, NFTs can be found hippocampus, amygdala, and in entorhinal cortex, the association cortex has abundance of NFTs (Felician and Sandson 20). However, NFTs are not exclusively for the cases of AD, these are also detected in the several cerebral troubles like in alienation pugilistica, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Felician and Sandson 20). Th e ecesis of NPs is attributed to the A ? peptide depositary A ?peptide types that only differ in C-terminal are car park in cerebrovascular and extracellular plaques (Felician and Sandson 19). A ? peptide, made up of 39-43 amino acids, is normally generated from APP or amyloid precursor protein. In addition, the series of hydrophobic C-terminal is crucial in its solubility and amyloid formation rate (Felician and Sandson 19). As such, A ? with 40 amino acids, A ? 40, as well as A? peptide with 42 and 43 amino acids or A? 42 and A ? 43 followively (Felician and Sandson 19). However, in vitro, the variants of A?42 and A? 43 can easily form insoluble fibrils as compared with the A? 40 variant (Felician and Sandson 19). Furthermore, the incubation of these A? variants can immediately lead to coalescence implying the possible amyloid plaque deposition by center of these components. In line with this, diffuse plaques have nonfibrillary and A? soluble constituents denoting the senile plaques early stage (Felician and Sandson 19). Likewise, diffuse plaques have A? deposits in the absence of neuritic degeneration (Felician and Sandson 19).On the other hand, neurofibrillary tangles, comprised of abnormal bundles of intraneuronal filaments, are made up of tau microtubule-associated protein with high degree of phosphorylation (Felician and Sandson 19). The degree of phosphorylation is largely dependent on the enzymatic activities of kinases that are not til now fully understood (Felician and Sandson 19). Nevertheless, the intraneuronal abnormal filaments arrange themselves in either parallel or helical bundles in perikaryotic cytoplasm that make them in contact with the dentritic processes (Felician and Sandson 19).The amyloid precursor protein, a membrane glycoprotein, is consisted of 28 A? extracellular residues and 12 to 15 putative transmembrane residues (Felician and Sandson 20). It also occurs as 695, 751, and 770-amino acid isoform. dapple the 695-amino ac id isoform occurs mainly in neurons, 770 and 751-amino acid forms are seen on both non-neural and neural cells along with proteinase inhibitor domains (Felician and Sandson 20). APPs are carried into the cell membrane by secretory vesicles and whitethorn undergo proteolytic bond suspension by the action of ?-secretase (Felician and Sandson 20). Consequently, this sectionalisation generates ? -APP, a soluble ectodomain and the precursor for A? peptide end product through cleavage in A? domain. As the generation of soluble APP is, in vitro, ascribed with the activity of protein kinase C, uncleaved APP is inferred to take the proteolytic passage (Felician and Sandson 20). On the other hand, APP intracerllular recycling and management are make through endocytotic or endosome-lysosome factor. The endocytotic route causes proteolytic cleavages by means of ? and ? -secratases leading to the synthesis of A? (Felician and Sandson 20). Moreover, A? production is enhanced by intracell ular calcium concentration which denoted the significance of calcium-rich proteases in A? production (Felician and Sandson 20). In vivo, APP cleavage occurs at N-terminus at the A? - area through the action of ? -secretase and at the C-terminus by means of ? -secretase activity (Mohan 1). Also, APP can take a pathway facilitated by ? -secretase at the A? -peptide domain producing soluble ? -APP (Mohan 1).Ezymes can also possibly assail APP without A? -peptide generation (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Since the putative ? -secretase, under the control of kinase C, regulates the generation of soluble APP, any agents that supports this metabolism may hinder the A? production (Felician and Sandson 21). As well, A? deposition may also be change magnitude by drugs which inhibit APP cleavage into ? and ? -secratases (Felician and Sandson 21). Nonetheless, agents that can impede A? coalescence would decrease its neurotoxicity effects (Felician and Sandson 21).After the formation of amyloid pl aques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation dictates the end of neurons (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In relation to this, microglia and astrocytes cells of the brain are heavily affected by inflammatory process (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD patients, astrocytes are enlarged and produce prostaglandin which in turn sends sign to activate the inflammation mediated by arachidonic acid (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). On the other hand, microglia generates free radicals which cause neurons death (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1).Meanwhile, cell nutrients as well as its regulation components are transported through the microtubules in which structural properties are mainly dependent on tau protein (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD condition, the tau lessens its capability to bind with microtubules and binds with other tau protein resulting to knots of helical filaments called as neurofibrillary tangles (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). APP Duplication is Sufficient to Cause Early Onset Alzheimers Dementia with Cer ebral Amyloid Angiopathy Studies showed that A? encoding through APP gene contemplation leads to the development of Alzheimer-type aberration (Sleegers et.al. 2977). APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42, a 42-amino acid product of the proteolytic process (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Aside from the cleavage of APP into alpha, beta, and gamma secretases, high APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42 and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Meanwhile, it has been long know that APP level triplication in Downs syndrome patients results to the development of Alzheimer type dementia at early stage the APP excessive expression leads to neurodegeneration and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al.2977). In relation to this, it was reported that families with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and early onset Alzheimer type dementia had APP genomic extras which implied that APP over-expression, without full trisomy 21, has triggered the Alzheimer-type dementia (Slee gers et. al. 2977). In addition, Alzheimer-type dementia patients have elevated APP mRNA levels in their brains (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Further, the variate on the transcription of APP gene due to genetic factors was believed as the underpinning factor in the pathogenesis of the disease (Sleegers et.al. 2978). In fact, three APP mutations were observed on Alzheimer-type early-onset dementia patients. These mutations, as seen in vitro by means of trisomy 21, caused a two-fold bill of in APP transcriptions (Sleegers et. al. 2978). With the aforementioned evidences on APP elevation through APP genomic mutations or geminations which resulted to the development of early onset AD, it could logically infer that A? has a crucial role in its aetiology (Sleegers et.al. 2978). Hence, for the rating of APP locus duplicate on Alzheimer-type dementia cases, Sleegers et. al. conducted a study on Dutch population with early onset Alzheimer-type dementia patients. Material and Methods In the a pproval of the University of Antwerp checkup ethical committee, the respondents of this research were recruited form an epidemiological study on early onset AD in several provinces of The Netherlands and in Rotterdam (Sleegers et. al. 2978).Patients with early-onset dementia diagnosis were enlisted based on the recommendation of medical experts and healthcare providers. As such, the assessment of the patients conditions was done in accordance with the standards of the Stroke-Alzheimers unsoundness and Related Disorders Association, and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Medical records of the patients and their respective relative with similar trait heritage were made available for an in-depth examination.Meanwhile, for the assessment of genetic inheritance, 111 patients with ages 33 to 65 geezerhood old of which had 75 respondents with familial background of either late or early-onset of dementia and 10 of which have autos omal preponderating inheritance history for several generations of their respective clans were studied (Sleegers et. al. 2978). The genomic DNA or gDNA was derived from lymphocytes and alleles of APP were measured by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR (Sleegers et. al. 2978).Also, the PrimerExpress software was utilized for the design of ? 2-microglubulin or hB2M, exon 5, 11, and 18, ubiquitin C or hUBC, ATP5J, APP, and GABPA (Sleegers et. al. 2978). As the APP alleles were normalized for hB2M and hUBC, 20 nanograms of genomic DNA were combined with the PCR and 400 nanomoles of the respective primers (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Finally, the duplication of the samples was done by means of sexually transmitted disease quotients or DQs computation through six normal individuals and dementia patients.Patients with trisonomy 21 were also included as controls (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH, was utilized to determine APP genomic duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2978). FISH was performed on both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes while the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed patients lymphoblasts were taken from the metaphase level by means of 0. 1 microgram/milliliter colcemid treatment and incubated, at 37C for 25 minutes, in hypotonic solution of 1 molar sodium hydroxide, 30 millimolar glycerol, 0.8 millimolar magnesium chloride, 2 millimolar HEPES, and 1 millimolar calcium chloride (Sleegers et. al. 2978). This suspension then was used for 106 cells per milliliter as the chromosomes mechanical stretching was done through cyto-centrifugation. On the other hand, the Multiplex Amplicon Quantification, MAQ, was applied in the detection of APP locus duplication. MAQ was comprised of multiplex PCR amplification of the persona amplicons and targets which were tainted with fluorescent substance (Sleegers et. al. 2978).After MAQ, DNA fragment analysis, and comparison target amplicon DQ between control individuals and the patients were done (Sleegers et. al. 2979). Results and Discussion Real-time PCR APP measurements of 10 probands showed heterozygous duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Based on the Dutch population sample, APP duplication along with segregation pattern and neuropathology tantamount to autosomal dominant inheritance and AD with excessive CAA were identified with APP duplication in a family (Sleegers et. al. 2982).Specifically, the genomic APP locus duplication were observed in five of the 65 family cases with early onset AD autosomal dominance while APP duplication was detected in a wiz out of ten family cases early-onset AD autosomal dominance (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Even though these numbers are small, the data generated from this study illuminated the significance of genomic APP locus duplication assessment when simple mutations were excluded in AD known genes (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In the 65 patients with familial AD history, a single genomic duplication was identified (Sl eegers et. al. 2982).In addition, the genomic duplications among the Dutch samples have 1. 8% overall frequency and 2. 7% frequency in AD patients and family (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In contrast, duplication was failed to be detected on 36 patients with irregular early-onset AD which denoted that the duplication of de novo genomic APP is a weak cause of early-onset Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Moreover, the duplication observed among the Dutch family samples has only APP which proved that genomic APP duplication, regardless of adjacent genes, has the capacity for AD and CAA intricate phenotype (Sleegers et.al. 2982). As well, duplication size differences signified the non-specific recombination substrate from the genomic attributes of APP locus APP rather is in increased recombination region as imparted by other factors such as low transcription repeats (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Nevertheless, the mutation that affects APP expression among 4. 5% of the Dutch parti cipants that either genomic APP duplication or APP mutation admirer carrier, are the frequent cause of Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP GeneThe cleavage of APP produces A? with associated neurotoxicity hence, genetic studies postulated that abnormal A? deposition neuropathologic AD conditions (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The abnormal deposition of A? in AD patients has been ascribed to APP gene missence mutations and the proteolytic APP cleavage producing A? 42 which in turn triggers the development of early-onset AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The most solid proof for this notion is the case on trisomy 21 wherein the duplication of APP gene results to increased A?peptide level and aggregation of such in the amyloid plaques of the brain (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). While the presenilin enyzymes enhance fibrillogenic APP conversion, the APOE or alipolipoprotein-E elevates A ? coalescence and deposition (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). Since A? production is associated with APP concentration and on other factors in both A? and APP syntheses, it was hypothesized that the expression of APP gene is a determinant of AD development (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793).Recently, a study reported the weak relation between AD inheritance and microsatellite sequence in the APP first intron and a tetranucleotide non-association with AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Hence, to further scrutinize this issue, Athan et. al. anchored their study on APP booster variant screening in tri-ethnic populations which included white, Caribbean Hispanic, and African-American as they intended to determine APP promoter identities. MethodologyThe respondents in this study were Manhattan residents of Washington Heights with ages of more than 65 years (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Personal interview and medical background check, neuro psychological, physical and neurological examinations were done on the participants. In addition, individuals with questionable dementia, Parkinson disease, and other types of dementia were excluded in the study. Consequently, a total of 1,077 participants was successfully enlisted, whereas, 16% of them has family history of stroke (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).For genotyping, DNA from 1,013 respondents was taken as the table of neuropsychologists and physicians established the criteria for the identification of AD patients along with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The oligonucleotide primers used for APP promoter PCR amplification came from GenBank (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). From genomic DNAs and by means of Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase, the fragments were amplified while the product sequence was determined through dye terminators (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).Meanwhile, 15 microliter of the PCR products was introduced into WAVE fragment DNA analyzer (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The haplotypes PCR products were individually cloned through pGL3 vector in between SacI and Bg III sites (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). On the other hand, U-87 MG glioma cells were cultured with the solution of Earles balanced salinity and 2 millimolar L-glutamine with 10% fecal calf serum in EMEM medium (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).At 70% confluence, the cells were transferred by means of FuGene 6 reagent and pGL3 vectors were added to transfected DNA to maintain a constant concentration of about 1 microgram per racing shell of 35 squared millimeter (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). While the isotonic solution of phosphate-buffered sodium chloride was used to wash the U-87 cells, the 250 microliter newsperson Lysis Buffer was applied for cell lysis (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).After this, the centrifugation of the cel l extract was done at 10,000 g for five minutes. From the supernatant, 20-microliter fractional was taken and combined with 100 microliter Luciferase Assay Buffer for luciferase activity measurement (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Then, with 10-20 microliters of the lysate ? -galactosidase assays were performed. This ? -galactosidase measurement was utilized for the normalisation of the luciferase data (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794).Each allele was counted and by sample proportion calculation, the frequencies were computed (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). For the ethic group comparison of allele frequency, chi square analysis was applied while logistic regression was utilized for APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). As well, for each ethnic group, logistic regression was employed as the data were classified with respect to the APOE alleles occurrence or non-occurrence as education and age discrepancies were adjusted.Finally, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed through chi square analysis while the ethnic comparison of APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation as their education, age, and sex were adjusted (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Results and Discussion Two types of APP promoter polymorphisms were detected and identified, with respect to the starting site of the transcription, as GC at +37 and GC at -9 variants (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797).In connection to this, +37C allele was typically observed among 18% African-American respondents while European and Caribbean-Hispanic have 3% and 10% respectively (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Although +37C allele was commonly observed among AD patients, the re fitting of their socio-demographic attributes with respect to this allele produced non-significant observations (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Also, -9C allele was hardly detected for disease association.On the other hand, even though the adjustment with respect to socio-demographic traits was made, still a strong link was found between APOE allele and AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Moreover, the evaluation of both +37C and -9C allele variants in U-87 glioma cells through promoter-reporter assays has resulted to non-significant promoter activity (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). The early onset, less than 60 years old, of AD has been ascribed to APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 while the late stage, greater than 65 years old, AD development has not yet fully explained by the genetic model (Waring and Rosenberg 329).The development of AD in late age stage was associated with APOE and to other reported genetic variants and alleles, however, they still insufficient to plausibly explain the mechanism involved in the AD occurrence (Waring and Rosenberg 329). Summary Alzheimer s disease is a progressive degeneration of the capacity of the mind for cogn ition thus affecting the psychological and affective attributes of the inflicted individual.Based on genome-wide study, children of parents with familial Alzheimers disease are more prone to inherit and develop this condition either as they take progress in their growth and development or at the senescence stage of their lives (Jayadev et. al. 375). The primary pointed culprit for this cognitive disability is the beta-amyloid peptide which is a part of amyloid precursor protein. APP passes through the fatty membrane of the cells and delineated in the different areas of the brain, even though, the normal function has not yet been fully known.As APP is attacked by enzymes, fragments are generated including A? -peptide with associated neurotoxicity. Sleegers et. al. in 2006 found the coincidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy with Alzheimers disease in a Dutch multigenerational family. This genomic duplication was attributed solely to APP gene expression that was also observed in 65 D utch families with early-onset of AD cases. However, APP locus duplication was not observed in 36 AD patients that signified the case of de novo mutation. On the other hand, Athan et. al.in 2002 reported the two types of APP promoter polymorphism which involved +37C and 9C alleles. Moreover, they found a strong link between AD inheritance and the apolipoprotein-E role. In this connection, the genetic traits of every individual should be scientifically scrutinized for an accurate close and identification of the substance involved in the development of the disease in parallel with its molecular mechanisms. workings Cited Athan, Eleni S. , Lee, Joseph H. , Arriaga, Alex, Mayeux, Richard P. , and Tyco, Benjamin. Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP Gene. Archives of Neurology 59 (2002) 1793-1799. Bloom, Elin. Genetic Studies of Alzheimers Disease. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala, Sweden Uppsala University, 2008. Felician, Olivier and Sandson, doubting Thomas A. The Ne urobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimers Disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 11, 1 (1999) 19-31. Jayadev, Suman, Steinbart, Ellen J. , Chi, Yueh-Yun, Kukull, Walter A. , Schellenberg, Gerard D. and Bird, Thomas D. Conjugal Alzheimer Disease. 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